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The Importance of Conditioned Stimuli in Cigarette and E-Cigarette Craving Reduction by E-Cigarettes

Author

Listed:
  • Martijn Van Heel

    (Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Dinska Van Gucht

    (Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
    Department of Psychology, Thomas More University College, 3414 Antwerp, Belgium)

  • Koen Vanbrabant

    (Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, KU Leuven and University of Hasselt, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Frank Baeyens

    (Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

Abstract

This study examined the impact of four variables pertaining to the use of e-cigarettes (e-cigs) on cravings for tobacco cigarettes and for e-cigs after an overnight abstinence period. The four variables were the nicotine level, the sensorimotor component, the visual aspect, and the aroma of the e-cig. In an experimental study, 81 participants without prior vaping experience first got acquainted with using e-cigs in a one-week tryout period, after which they participated in a lab session assessing the effect of five minutes of vaping following an abstinence period of 12 h. A mixed-effects model clearly showed the importance of nicotine in craving reduction. However, also non-nicotine factors, in particular the sensorimotor component, were shown to contribute to craving reduction. Handling cues interacted with the level (presence/absence) of nicotine: it was only when the standard hand-to-mouth action cues were omitted that the craving reducing effects of nicotine were observed. Effects of aroma or visual cues were not observed, or weak and difficult to interpret, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Martijn Van Heel & Dinska Van Gucht & Koen Vanbrabant & Frank Baeyens, 2017. "The Importance of Conditioned Stimuli in Cigarette and E-Cigarette Craving Reduction by E-Cigarettes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:2:p:193-:d:90434
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Karolien Adriaens & Dinska Van Gucht & Paul Declerck & Frank Baeyens, 2014. "Effectiveness of the Electronic Cigarette: An Eight-Week Flemish Study with Six-Month Follow-up on Smoking Reduction, Craving and Experienced Benefits and Complaints," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-29, October.
    2. Wickham, Hadley, 2011. "The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 40(i01).
    3. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
    4. Wickham, Hadley, 2007. "Reshaping Data with the reshape Package," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 21(i12).
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