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Development of a PEM Fuel Cell City Bus with a Hierarchical Control System

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  • Siliang Cheng

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Liangfei Xu

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
    Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-3: Electrochemical Process Engineering, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany)

  • Jianqiu Li

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Chuan Fang

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Junming Hu

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Minggao Ouyang

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system is considered to be an ideal alternative for the internal combustion engine, especially when used on a city bus. Hybrid buses with fuel cell systems and energy storage systems are now undergoing transit service demonstrations worldwide. A hybrid PEM fuel cell city bus with a hierarchical control system is studied in this paper. Firstly, the powertrain and hierarchical control structure is introduced. Secondly, the vehicle control strategy including start-stop strategy, energy management strategy, and fuel cell control strategy, including the hydrogen system and air system control strategies, are described in detail. Finally, the performance of the fuel cell was analyzed based on road test data. Results showed that the different subsystems were well-coordinated. Each component functioned in concert in order to ensure that both safety and speed requirements were satisfied. The output current of the fuel cell system changed slowly and the output voltage was limited to a certain range, thereby enhancing durability of the fuel cell. Furthermore, the economic performance was optimized by avoiding low load conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Siliang Cheng & Liangfei Xu & Jianqiu Li & Chuan Fang & Junming Hu & Minggao Ouyang, 2016. "Development of a PEM Fuel Cell City Bus with a Hierarchical Control System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:9:y:2016:i:6:p:417-:d:71052
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erdinc, O. & Uzunoglu, M., 2010. "Recent trends in PEM fuel cell-powered hybrid systems: Investigation of application areas, design architectures and energy management approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2874-2884, December.
    2. Xu, Liangfei & Ouyang, Minggao & Li, Jianqiu & Yang, Fuyuan & Lu, Languang & Hua, Jianfeng, 2013. "Optimal sizing of plug-in fuel cell electric vehicles using models of vehicle performance and system cost," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 477-487.
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    Cited by:

    1. Edwin R. Grijalva & José María López Martínez & M. Nuria Flores & Víctor Del Pozo, 2018. "Design and Simulation of a Powertrain System for a Fuel Cell Extended Range Electric Golf Car," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-30, July.
    2. Alan Cruz Rojas & Guadalupe Lopez Lopez & J. F. Gomez-Aguilar & Victor M. Alvarado & Cinda Luz Sandoval Torres, 2017. "Control of the Air Supply Subsystem in a PEMFC with Balance of Plant Simulation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-23, January.
    3. Devin Fowler & Vladimir Gurau & Daniel Cox, 2019. "Bridging the Gap between Automated Manufacturing of Fuel Cell Components and Robotic Assembly of Fuel Cell Stacks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-14, September.
    4. Klaus Kivekäs & Antti Lajunen & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, July.

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