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Study on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Battery Thermal Management System with Supercritical CO 2 for Energy Storage Stations

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  • Ya Wang

    (Municipal Sub-Bureau, Sinohydro Engineering Bureau 4 Co., Ltd., Xining 810009, China)

  • Fengbin Li

    (Municipal Sub-Bureau, Sinohydro Engineering Bureau 4 Co., Ltd., Xining 810009, China)

  • Feng Cao

    (Municipal Sub-Bureau, Sinohydro Engineering Bureau 4 Co., Ltd., Xining 810009, China)

  • Shaozhong Liang

    (College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China)

  • Jian Fu

    (College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China)

Abstract

Energy storage stations (ESSs) need to be charged and discharged frequently, causing the battery thermal management system (BTMS) to face a great challenge as batteries generate a large amount of heat with a high discharge rate. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO 2 ) is considered a promising coolant because of its favorable properties, including non-flammability, high dielectric strength and low cost for the BTMS. The heat of a battery can be absorbed to a great extent if there is a small temperature rise because as the fluid temperature approaches a pseudo-critical temperature, the specific heat capacity of SCO 2 reaches its peak. In this study, a periodic model of the unit BTMS is established, and a numerical simulation is implemented to investigate the effects of different boundary conditions on the heat dissipation of a battery pack. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of SCO 2 in the liquid cold plate (LCP) of a battery pack with an extreme discharge rate are revealed. The results show that SCO 2 is more preferably used as a coolant compared to water in the same conditions. The maximum temperature and the temperature difference in the battery pack are reduced by 19.22% and 79.9%, and the pressure drop of the LCP is reduced by 40.9%. In addition, the heat transfer characteristic of the LCP is significantly improved upon increasing the mass flow rate. As the operational pressure decreases, the pressure drops of SCO 2 decrease in the LCP. Overall, the maximum temperature and the temperature difference in the battery pack and the pressure drops of the LCP can be effectively controlled by using a coolant made out of SCO 2 . This study can provide a reference for the design of BTMSs in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Ya Wang & Fengbin Li & Feng Cao & Shaozhong Liang & Jian Fu, 2025. "Study on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Battery Thermal Management System with Supercritical CO 2 for Energy Storage Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:2030-:d:1635468
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Austin, Brian T. & Sumathy, K., 2011. "Transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 4013-4029.
    2. Bo Li & Wenhao Wang & Shaoyi Bei & Zhengqiang Quan, 2022. "Analysis of Heat Dissipation Performance of Battery Liquid Cooling Plate Based on Bionic Structure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, May.
    3. Ling, Ziye & Wang, Fangxian & Fang, Xiaoming & Gao, Xuenong & Zhang, Zhengguo, 2015. "A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 403-409.
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