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A Real-Life Demonstration of Secondary Frequency Reserve Provision with Electric Water Heaters

Author

Listed:
  • Louis Brouyaux

    (Integrated & Sustainable Energy Systems, University of Liège, 7 Place du Vingt Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium)

  • Sandro Iacovella

    (ThermoVault BV, 32/3A Diestsevest, 3000 Leuven, Belgium)

  • Sylvain Quoilin

    (Integrated & Sustainable Energy Systems, University of Liège, 7 Place du Vingt Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium)

Abstract

Residential electric water heaters have the potential to significantly contribute to the balancing of the grid by providing frequency services. However, this entails a large-scale, challenging control problem subject to several uncertainties. In this paper, we perform the first real-life validation of secondary frequency reserve provision with a cluster of residential thermal loads in a near-commercial setting. We adopt an aggregate-and-dispatch control approach, which combines a scalable optimization step enabled by a reduced-order model with a real-time dispatch step. To handle the uncertainty related to service activation, we incorporate chance constraints in the optimization model and reformulate it as a robust problem. We validate the control approach under the assumption of perfect merit order knowledge in different stages, with a cluster of up to 600 electric water heaters, and show that this pool is able to effectively provide reserves, and that the integration of the chance constraints is beneficial for performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Louis Brouyaux & Sandro Iacovella & Sylvain Quoilin, 2025. "A Real-Life Demonstration of Secondary Frequency Reserve Provision with Electric Water Heaters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:7:p:1704-:d:1623052
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Müller, F.L. & Jansen, B., 2019. "Large-scale demonstration of precise demand response provided by residential heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 836-845.
    2. Xin Chen & Melvyn Sim & Peng Sun, 2007. "A Robust Optimization Perspective on Stochastic Programming," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(6), pages 1058-1071, December.
    3. Iria, José & Soares, Filipe & Matos, Manuel, 2019. "Optimal bidding strategy for an aggregator of prosumers in energy and secondary reserve markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1361-1372.
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