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Pathways to Positive Energy Districts: A Comprehensive Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis Using Multi-Objective Optimization

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  • Guangxuan Wang

    (Thermo and Fluid Dynamics (FLOW), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Brussels Institute for Thermal-Fluid Systems and Clean Energy (BRITE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium)

  • Olivier Gilmont

    (Thermo and Fluid Dynamics (FLOW), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Resolia, Chemin du Cyclotron 6, 1342 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium)

  • Julien Blondeau

    (Thermo and Fluid Dynamics (FLOW), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
    Brussels Institute for Thermal-Fluid Systems and Clean Energy (BRITE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium)

Abstract

Transitioning to Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) is essential for achieving carbon neutrality in urban areas by 2050. This study presents a multi-objective optimization framework that balances energy, environmental, and economic performance, addressing the diverse priorities of multiple stakeholders. The framework enhances PED design by systematically evaluating technical solutions, including renewable-based electrification, demand-side management (DSM), energy storage, and retrofitting. The framework is applied to the Usquare district in Brussels, Belgium, as a case study. The results indicate that expanding photovoltaic (PV) capacity is crucial for achieving PED targets, with renewable-based electrification potentially reducing carbon emissions by up to 79%. The incorporation of demand-side management (DSM) and battery storage improves system flexibility, reduces grid dependency, and enhances cost-effectiveness. Although slightly more costly, retrofitting existing buildings provides the most balanced approach, offering the lowest CO2 emissions and the highest self-consumption ratio. This study presents a comprehensive decision-making support framework for optimizing PED design and operation, offering practical guidance for urban energy planning and contributing to global efforts toward carbon neutrality.

Suggested Citation

  • Guangxuan Wang & Olivier Gilmont & Julien Blondeau, 2025. "Pathways to Positive Energy Districts: A Comprehensive Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis Using Multi-Objective Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-29, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:5:p:1134-:d:1599555
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    References listed on IDEAS

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