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Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Author

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  • Thomas Shanahan

    (Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Breiffni Fitzgerald

    (Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland)

Abstract

This study examined the impact of wind–wave misalignment on floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) in Irish waters, analysing average weather and extreme events, including hurricane conditions. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset validated against Irish Marine Data Buoy Observation Network measurements, the results showed a satisfactory accuracy with an average wind speed error of − 0.54 m/s and a strong correlation coefficient of 0.92 . Wind–wave misalignment was found to be inversely correlated with wind speed (correlation coefficient: − 0.41 ), with minimum misalignment occurring approximately seven hours after a change in wind direction. The study revealed that misalignment could exceed 30 ∘ during hurricanes, contradicting standard assumptions of alignment under extreme conditions. The investigation highlighted that in western coastal areas, average misalignment could reach 57.95 ∘ , while sheltered Irish Sea regions experienced lower values, such as 23.06 ∘ . Numerical simulations confirmed that these misalignment events amplified side-to-side turbine deflections significantly. This research underscores the need to incorporate misalignment effects into industry testing standards and suggests that current methodologies may underestimate fatigue loads by up to 50%. This work emphasizes improved design and testing protocols for FOWTs in complex marine environments and highlights the suitability of ERA5 for climate analysis in Ireland.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Shanahan & Breiffni Fitzgerald, 2025. "Wind–Wave Misalignment in Irish Waters and Its Impact on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-38, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:2:p:372-:d:1568778
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fitzgerald, Breiffni & McAuliffe, James & Baisthakur, Shubham & Sarkar, Saptarshi, 2023. "Enhancing the reliability of floating offshore wind turbine towers subjected to misaligned wind-wave loading using tuned mass damper inerters (TMDIs)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 522-538.
    2. Bi, Cheng & Law, Adrian Wing-Keung, 2023. "Co-locating offshore wind and floating solar farms – Effect of high wind and wave conditions on solar power performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    3. Sergiienko, N.Y. & da Silva, L.S.P. & Bachynski-Polić, E.E. & Cazzolato, B.S. & Arjomandi, M. & Ding, B., 2022. "Review of scaling laws applied to floating offshore wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    4. Olauson, Jon, 2018. "ERA5: The new champion of wind power modelling?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 322-331.
    5. Gaughan, Eilis & Fitzgerald, Breiffni, 2020. "An assessment of the potential for Co-located offshore wind and wave farms in Ireland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Peláez-Zapata, Daniel & Pakrashi, Vikram & Dias, Frédéric, 2025. "Ocean wave measurements for marine renewable energy applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).

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