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A Comprehensive Review of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Velocity Effects on Ground Heat Exchanger Efficiency in Geothermal Heat Pump Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Khaled Salhein

    (Game Above College of Engineering and Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA)

  • Abdulgani Albagul

    (Department of Control Engineering, College of Electronic Technology, Bani Walid 38645, Libya
    Quality Assurance National Project, Libyan Authority for Scientific Research, Tripoli 20315, Libya
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electronic Technology, Tripoli 20299, Libya)

  • C. J. Kobus

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA)

Abstract

This study reviews heat transfer fluids (HTFs) and their velocity effects on the thermal behavior of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) within geothermal heat pump (GHP) applications. It examines the classification, thermophysical properties, and operational behavior of standard working fluids, including water–glycol mixtures, as well as emerging nanofluids. Fundamental heat exchange mechanisms are discussed, with emphasis on how conductivity, viscosity, and heat capacity interact with fluid velocity to influence energy transfer performance, hydraulic resistance, and system reliability. Special attention is given to nanofluids, whose enhanced thermal behavior depends on nanoparticle type, concentration, dispersion stability, and flow conditions. The review analyzes stabilization strategies, including surfactants, functionalization, and pH control, for maintaining long-term performance. It also highlights the role of velocity optimization in balancing convective benefits with pumping energy demands, providing velocity ranges suited to different GHE configurations. Drawing from recent experimental and numerical studies, the review offers practical guidelines for integrating nanofluid formulation with engineered operating conditions to maximize energy efficiency and extend system lifespan.

Suggested Citation

  • Khaled Salhein & Abdulgani Albagul & C. J. Kobus, 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Velocity Effects on Ground Heat Exchanger Efficiency in Geothermal Heat Pump Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-50, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:17:p:4487-:d:1731015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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