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Simulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions

Author

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  • Martyna Kubiak

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Automatic, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, St. Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznań, Poland)

  • Artur Bugała

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Automatic, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, St. Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznań, Poland)

  • Dorota Bugała

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Automatic, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, St. Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznań, Poland)

  • Wojciech Czekała

    (Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland)

Abstract

Currently, Poland is witnessing a dynamic development of the offshore wind energy sector, which will be a key component of the national energy mix. While many international studies have addressed wind energy deployment, there is a lack of research that compares the energy and economic performance of both onshore and offshore wind farms under Polish climatic and spatial conditions, especially in relation to turbine spacing optimization. This study addresses that gap by performing a computer-based simulation analysis of three onshore spacing variants (3D, 4D, 5D) and four offshore variants (5D, 6D, 7D, 9D), located in central Poland (Stęszew, Okonek, Gostyń) and the Baltic Sea, respectively. The efficiency of wind farms was assessed in both energy and economic terms, using WAsP Bundle software and standard profitability evaluation metrics (NPV, MNPV, IRR). The results show that the highest NPV and MNPV values among onshore configurations were obtained for the 3D spacing variant, where the energy yield leads to nearly double the annual revenue compared to the 5D variant. IRR values indicate project profitability, averaging 14.5% for onshore and 11.9% for offshore wind farms. Offshore turbines demonstrated higher capacity factors (36–53%) compared to onshore (28–39%), with 4–7 times higher annual energy output. The study provides new insight into wind farm layout optimization under Polish conditions and supports spatial planning and investment decision making in line with national energy policy goals.

Suggested Citation

  • Martyna Kubiak & Artur Bugała & Dorota Bugała & Wojciech Czekała, 2025. "Simulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-42, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:4087-:d:1715798
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    References listed on IDEAS

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