IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i13p3344-d1687721.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Enhanced Sliding Mode Control for Dual MPPT Systems Integrated with Three-Level T-Type PV Inverters

Author

Listed:
  • Farzaneh Bagheri

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya 07190, Turkey)

  • Jakson Bonaldo

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba 78060-900, Brazil)

  • Naki Guler

    (Electrical & Energy Department, Technical Science Vocational School, Gazi University, Ankara 06374, Turkey)

  • Marco Rivera

    (Power Electronics, Machines and Control (PEMC) Research Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
    Laboratorio de Conversión de Energías y Electrónica de Potencia (LCEEP), Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile)

  • Patrick Wheeler

    (Power Electronics, Machines and Control (PEMC) Research Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Rogerio Lima

    (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiaba 78060-900, Brazil)

Abstract

Dual Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) inverters are essential in residential and small commercial solar power systems, optimizing power extraction from two independent solar panel arrays to enhance efficiency and energy harvesting. On the other hand, the Three-Level T-Type Voltage Source Inverter (3L T-Type VSI) is known for its reduced switching losses, improved harmonic distortion, and reduced part count in comparison to other three-level topologies. In this paper, a novel architecture is proposed to integrate the dual MPPT structure directly to each DC-side split capacitor of the 3L T-Type VSI, taking advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of the inverter’s topology. Further performance enhancement is achieved by integrating a classical MPPT strategy to the control framework to make it feasible for a real-case grid integration. The combination of these methods ensures faster and stable tracking under dynamic irradiance conditions. Considering that strategies dedicated to balancing the DC-link capacitor’s voltage slightly affect the AC-side current waveform, an enhanced sliding mode control (SMC) strategy tailored for dual MPPT and 3L T-Type VSI is deployed, combining the simplicity of conventional PI controllers used in the independent MPPT-based DC-DC converters with the superior robustness and dynamic performance of SMC. Real-time results obtained using the OPAL-RT Hardware-in-the-Loop platform validated the performance of the proposed control strategy under realistic test scenarios. The current THD was maintained below 4.8% even under highly distorted grid conditions, and the controller achieved a steady state within approximately 15 ms following perturbations in the DC-link voltage, sudden irradiance variations, and voltage sags and swells. Additionally, the power factor remained unitary, enhancing power transfer from the renewable source to the grid. The proposed system was able to achieve efficient power extraction while maintaining high power quality (PQ) standards for the output, positioning it as a practical and flexible solution for advanced solar PV systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Farzaneh Bagheri & Jakson Bonaldo & Naki Guler & Marco Rivera & Patrick Wheeler & Rogerio Lima, 2025. "Enhanced Sliding Mode Control for Dual MPPT Systems Integrated with Three-Level T-Type PV Inverters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3344-:d:1687721
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3344/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3344/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hashim Alnami & Sultan H. Hakmi & Saad A. Mohamed Abdelwahab & Walid S. E. Abdellatif & Hossam Youssef Hegazy & Wael I. Mohamed & Moayed Mohamed, 2024. "Enhanced Adaptive Dynamic Surface Sliding Mode Control for Optimal Performance of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-25, June.
    2. Fatemeh Jamshidi & Mohammad Reza Salehizadeh & Reza Yazdani & Brian Azzopardi & Vibhu Jately, 2023. "An Improved Sliding Mode Controller for MPP Tracking of Photovoltaics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-20, March.
    3. Muhammad Majid Gulzar, 2023. "Maximum Power Point Tracking of a Grid Connected PV Based Fuel Cell System Using Optimal Control Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, February.
    4. Huajun Ran & Linwei Li & Ao Li & Xinquan Wang, 2024. "Enhanced MPPT in Permanent Magnet Direct-Drive Wind Power Systems via Improved Sliding Mode Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-17, September.
    5. Aras Ghafoor & Jamal Aldahmashi & Judith Apsley & Siniša Djurović & Xiandong Ma & Mohamed Benbouzid, 2024. "Intelligent Integration of Renewable Energy Resources Review: Generation and Grid Level Opportunities and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-29, September.
    6. Yandi G. Landera & Oscar C. Zevallos & Rafael C. Neto & Jose F. da Costa Castro & Francisco A. S. Neves, 2023. "A Review of Grid Connection Requirements for Photovoltaic Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-24, February.
    7. Larbi Chrifi-Alaoui & Saïd Drid & Mohammed Ouriagli & Driss Mehdi, 2023. "Overview of Photovoltaic and Wind Electrical Power Hybrid Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-35, June.
    8. Moazzam Ali Rabbani & Muhammad Bilal Qureshi & Salman A. Al Qahtani & Muhammad Mohsin Khan & Pranavkumar Pathak, 2023. "Enhancing MPPT Performance in Partially Shaded PV Systems under Sensor Malfunctioning with Fuzzy Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jin Gao & Zhenguo Shao & Feixiong Chen & Mohammadreza Lak, 2025. "Energy Trading Strategies for Integrated Energy Systems Considering Uncertainty," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-21, February.
    2. Yan Ren & Haonan Zhang & Lile Wu & Kai Zhang & Zutian Cheng & Ketao Sun & Yuan Sun & Leiming Hu, 2025. "Research on the Health Evaluation of a Pump Turbine in Smoothing Output Volatility of the Hybrid System Under a High Proportion of Wind and Photovoltaic Power Connection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-30, March.
    3. Gowthamraj Rajendran & Reiko Raute & Cedric Caruana, 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of Solar PV Integration with Smart-Grids: Challenges, Standards, and Grid Codes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-80, April.
    4. Soonwoo Lee & Hui-Myoung Oh & Jung Min Pak, 2024. "Event-Triggered Transmission of Sensor Measurements Using Twin Hybrid Filters for Renewable Energy Resource Management Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-18, November.
    5. Mingjun He & Ke Zhou & Yutao Xu & Jinsong Yu & Yangquan Qu & Xiankui Wen, 2025. "An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Scheme for Photovoltaic Systems: Integrating Sparrow Search Algorithm-Optimized Support Vector Regression and Optimal Regulation for Enhancing Precisio," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    6. Domenico Palladino & Nicolandrea Calabrese, 2023. "Energy Planning of Renewable Energy Sources in an Italian Context: Energy Forecasting Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems in the Residential Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-28, March.
    7. Faris E. Alfaris & Essam A. Al-Ammar & Ghazi A. Ghazi & Ahmed A. Al-Katheri, 2024. "Design Enhancement of Grid-Connected Residential PV Systems to Meet the Saudi Electricity Regulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-29, June.
    8. Zhuo-Wei Yang & Kai Chang & Ming-Di Shao & Hao Lei & Zhi-Wei Liu, 2025. "Quantitative Assessment Method for Industrial Demand Response Potential Integrating STL Decomposition and Load Step Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-21, June.
    9. Geraldo L. Maia & Caio C. L. Santos & Paulo R. M. Nunes & José F. C. Castro & Davidson C. Marques & Luiz H. A. De Medeiros & Leonardo R. Limongi & Márcio E. C. Brito & Nicolau K. L. Dantas & Antônio V, 2024. "EV Smart-Charging Strategy for Power Management in Distribution Grid with High Penetration of Distributed Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-27, October.
    10. Elias Roumpakias & Tassos Stamatelos, 2023. "Comparative Performance Analysis of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Plant in Central Greece after Several Years of Operation Using Neural Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.
    11. Lazhar Chabane & Said Drid & Larbi Chrifi-Alaoui & Laurant Delahoche, 2024. "Energy consumption prediction of a smart home using non-intrusive appliance load monitoring," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 15(3), pages 1231-1244, March.
    12. Rania A. Ibrahim & Nahla E. Zakzouk, 2023. "Bi-Functional Non-Superconducting Saturated-Core Inductor for Single-Stage Grid-Tied PV Systems: Filter and Fault Current Limiter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-24, May.
    13. Abdelkhalek Chellakhi & Said El Beid, 2025. "A Real-Time Investigation of an Enhanced Variable Step PO MPPT Controller for Photovoltaic Systems Using dSPACE 1104 Board," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-23, June.
    14. Ali Ahmad & Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif & Arslan Ashraf & Muhammad Majid Gulzar & Mohammed Alqahtani & Muhammad Khalid, 2023. "Coordinated Economic Operation of Hydrothermal Units with HVDC Link Based on Lagrange Multipliers," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-19, March.
    15. Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz & Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal & Raúl Pereda-García & Rubén Pérez-Álvarez & Javier Sedano-Cibrián & Carolina Ruiz-Fernández, 2024. "Optimal Location of Solar Photovoltaic Plants Using Geographic Information Systems and Multi-Criteria Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-22, March.
    16. Luay F. Al-Mamory & Mehmet E. Akay & Hasanain A. Abdul Wahhab, 2025. "Technical and Economic Assessment of the Implementation of 60 MW Hybrid Power Plant Projects (Wind, Solar Photovoltaic) in Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-22, June.
    17. Giovanny Chavez & Luis Tipán, 2024. "Maximum Power Transfer of a Photovoltaic Microgeneration System Using PSO-Based Dynamic Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-26, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3344-:d:1687721. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.