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Performance Analysis of Multivariable Control Structures Applied to a Neutral Point Clamped Converter in PV Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Renato Santana Ribeiro Junior

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil)

  • Eubis Pereira Machado

    (Collegiate of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Juazeiro 48902-300, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Damásio Fernandes Júnior

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Tárcio André dos Santos Barros

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-860, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Flavio Bezerra Costa

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenges encountered by grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, including the stochastic behavior of the system, harmonic distortion, and variations in grid impedance. To this end, an in-depth technical and pedagogical analysis of three linear multivariable current control strategies is performed: proportional-integral (PI), proportional-resonant (PR), and deadbeat (DB). The study contributes to theoretical formulations, detailed system modeling, and controller tuning procedures, promoting a comprehensive understanding of their structures and performance. The strategies are investigated and compared in both the rotating ( d q ) and stationary ( α β ) reference frames, offering a broad perspective on system behavior under various operating conditions. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of the PR controller is presented, highlighting its potential to regulate both positive- and negative-sequence components. This enables the development of more effective and robust tuning methodologies for steady-state and dynamic scenarios. The evaluation is conducted under three main conditions: steady-state operation, transient response to input power variations, and robustness analysis in the presence of grid parameter changes. The study examines the impact of each controller on the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current, as well as on system stability margins and dynamic performance. Practical aspects that are often overlooked are also addressed, such as the modeling of the inverter and photovoltaic generator, the implementation of space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM), and the influence of the output LC filter capacitor. The control structures under analysis are validated through numerical simulations performed in MatLab ® software (R2021b) using dedicated computational routines, enabling the identification of strategies that enhance performance and ensure compliance of grid-connected photovoltaic systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Renato Santana Ribeiro Junior & Eubis Pereira Machado & Damásio Fernandes Júnior & Tárcio André dos Santos Barros & Flavio Bezerra Costa, 2025. "Performance Analysis of Multivariable Control Structures Applied to a Neutral Point Clamped Converter in PV Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-27, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:16:p:4394-:d:1726806
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Feng Wang & Yongxuan Xue, 2025. "A Review of the Development of the Energy Storage Industry in China: Challenges and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Yandi G. Landera & Oscar C. Zevallos & Rafael C. Neto & Jose F. da Costa Castro & Francisco A. S. Neves, 2023. "A Review of Grid Connection Requirements for Photovoltaic Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-24, February.
    3. Zeb, Kamran & Uddin, Waqar & Khan, Muhammad Adil & Ali, Zunaib & Ali, Muhammad Umair & Christofides, Nicholas & Kim, H.J., 2018. "A comprehensive review on inverter topologies and control strategies for grid connected photovoltaic system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1120-1141.
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