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Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends

Author

Listed:
  • Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz

    (Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Remigiusz Jasiński

    (Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

Abstract

As aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO 2 , CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not require any changes in the engine or infrastructure construction. The aim of this research was to analyze changes in non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions for SAF blends compared to Jet A-1 using a miniature jet engine, as there is still limited research on particulate matter emissions from miniature engines, especially for SAFs. This study focuses on non-volatile particle emissions from HEFA-SPK fuel, with comprehensive analyses of particle number and particulate mass-emission indices, as well as number-based and volume-based particle-size distribution (PSD). The tests were conducted on the miniature GTM 400 engine, which was specially designed for SAF testing. The tested fuels were 30/70%v and 50/50%v blends of HEFA-SPK/Jet A-1, as well as neat Jet A-1 as a reference fuel. The results showed that the use of 50%v HEFA-SPK can reduce non-volatile particulate mass emissions up to 59% at low engine loads, and non-volatile particle number emissions by up to 56% at maximum thrust, compared to Jet A-1.

Suggested Citation

  • Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz & Remigiusz Jasiński, 2025. "Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:11:p:2696-:d:1662224
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