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Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends

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  • Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz

    (Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Remigiusz Jasiński

    (Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

Abstract

As aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO 2 , CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not require any changes in the engine or infrastructure construction. The aim of this research was to analyze changes in non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions for SAF blends compared to Jet A-1 using a miniature jet engine, as there is still limited research on particulate matter emissions from miniature engines, especially for SAFs. This study focuses on non-volatile particle emissions from HEFA-SPK fuel, with comprehensive analyses of particle number and particulate mass-emission indices, as well as number-based and volume-based particle-size distribution (PSD). The tests were conducted on the miniature GTM 400 engine, which was specially designed for SAF testing. The tested fuels were 30/70%v and 50/50%v blends of HEFA-SPK/Jet A-1, as well as neat Jet A-1 as a reference fuel. The results showed that the use of 50%v HEFA-SPK can reduce non-volatile particulate mass emissions up to 59% at low engine loads, and non-volatile particle number emissions by up to 56% at maximum thrust, compared to Jet A-1.

Suggested Citation

  • Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz & Remigiusz Jasiński, 2025. "Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:11:p:2696-:d:1662224
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Md Arif Hasan & Abdullah Al Mamun & Syed Masiur Rahman & Karim Malik & Md. Iqram Uddin Al Amran & Abu Nasser Khondaker & Omer Reshi & Surya Prakash Tiwari & Fahad Saleh Alismail, 2021. "Climate Change Mitigation Pathways for the Aviation Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-29, March.
    2. Richard H. Moore & Kenneth L. Thornhill & Bernadett Weinzierl & Daniel Sauer & Eugenio D’Ascoli & Jin Kim & Michael Lichtenstern & Monika Scheibe & Brian Beaton & Andreas J. Beyersdorf & John Barrick , 2017. "Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions," Nature, Nature, vol. 543(7645), pages 411-415, March.
    3. Jing Wang & Lei Zu & Shihai Zhang & Han Jiang & Hong Ni & Yanjun Wang & Hefeng Zhang & Yan Ding, 2024. "Recent Advances and Implications for Aviation Emission Inventory Compilation Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-26, September.
    4. Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz & Remigiusz Jasiński, 2024. "A Review of Alternative Aviation Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-22, August.
    5. Remigiusz Jasiński & Paula Kurzawska & Radosław Przysowa, 2021. "Characterization of Particle Emissions from a DGEN 380 Small Turbofan Fueled with ATJ Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-12, June.
    6. Remigiusz Jasiński & Radosław Przysowa, 2024. "Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-11, February.
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