IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i8p1976-d1380214.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Two-Stage Solar–NaOH Thermochemical Heat Pump Heating System for Building Heating: Operations Strategies and Theoretical Performance

Author

Listed:
  • Yujie Su

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Yi Yang

    (The Architectural Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Guoqing He

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
    Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Renhua Liu

    (College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • De Ding

    (The Architectural Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

Abstract

Heating buildings with solar energy is challenged by the seasonal mismatch between solar availability and heating demand. Thermochemical energy storage is a promising technology to overcome this challenge because of its high energy density. In building applications, space requirement is also an important consideration. Therefore, both the storage space and collector areas are important considerations, with only the latter often being neglected in previous studies. This paper proposes a novel two-stage thermochemical heat pump heating system based on the working pair of NaOH/H 2 O. We demonstrate that this system can work with a concentration difference (70% wt–30% wt) for the climate in hot summer and cold winter regions in China. The energy storage density based on the discharged solution is 363 kWh/m 3 . With this solar-driven thermochemical heat pump heating system, 35.13 m 2 of collectors and 10.48 tons of 70% wt NaOH solution are sufficient to complete a full charge–discharge cycle and meet the heating demand of a single-family house (winter space heating + DHW: 9370 kWh, summer DHW: 2280 kWh). The theoretical maximum storage for solution (discharged + water tank) is 32.47 m 3 . Compared with the sensible seasonal storage alternative, the collector area is reduced by 12.5% and the storage space is reduced by 59%, with a possible further reduction through optimization. With the potential to be further optimized for space saving, the two-stage solar–NaOH heat pump heating system is an energy-efficient and space-efficient heating system for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter regions of China.

Suggested Citation

  • Yujie Su & Yi Yang & Guoqing He & Renhua Liu & De Ding, 2024. "Two-Stage Solar–NaOH Thermochemical Heat Pump Heating System for Building Heating: Operations Strategies and Theoretical Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:8:p:1976-:d:1380214
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/8/1976/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/8/1976/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ucar, Aynur & Inalli, Mustafa, 2008. "Thermal and economic comparisons of solar heating systems with seasonal storage used in building heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2532-2539.
    2. Palomba, Valeria & Sapienza, Alessio & Aristov, Yuri, 2019. "Dynamics and useful heat of the discharge stage of adsorptive cycles for long term thermal storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 299-309.
    3. Donkers, P.A.J. & Sögütoglu, L.C. & Huinink, H.P. & Fischer, H.R. & Adan, O.C.G., 2017. "A review of salt hydrates for seasonal heat storage in domestic applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 45-68.
    4. Scapino, Luca & Zondag, Herbert A. & Van Bael, Johan & Diriken, Jan & Rindt, Camilo C.M., 2017. "Sorption heat storage for long-term low-temperature applications: A review on the advancements at material and prototype scale," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 920-948.
    5. Xu, S.Z. & Wang, R.Z. & Wang, L.W. & Zhu, J., 2019. "Performance characterizations and thermodynamic analysis of magnesium sulfate-impregnated zeolite 13X and activated alumina composite sorbents for thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 889-901.
    6. Kant, K. & Pitchumani, R., 2022. "Advances and opportunities in thermochemical heat storage systems for buildings applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    7. Gao, J.T. & Xu, Z.Y. & Wang, R.Z., 2020. "Experimental study on a double-stage absorption solar thermal storage system with enhanced energy storage density," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    8. Yu, N. & Wang, R.Z. & Lu, Z.S. & Wang, L.W. & Ishugah, T.F., 2014. "Evaluation of a three-phase sorption cycle for thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 468-478.
    9. Sunku Prasad, J. & Muthukumar, P. & Desai, Fenil & Basu, Dipankar N. & Rahman, Muhammad M., 2019. "A critical review of high-temperature reversible thermochemical energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    10. Fumey, B. & Weber, R. & Baldini, L., 2017. "Liquid sorption heat storage – A proof of concept based on lab measurements with a novel spiral fined heat and mass exchanger design," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 215-225.
    11. Tzinnis, Efstratios & Baldini, Luca, 2021. "Combining sorption storage and electric heat pumps to foster integration of solar in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    12. Xu, J.X. & Li, T.X. & Chao, J.W. & Yan, T.S. & Wang, R.Z., 2019. "High energy-density multi-form thermochemical energy storage based on multi-step sorption processes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1131-1142.
    13. Frazzica, Andrea & Freni, Angelo, 2017. "Adsorbent working pairs for solar thermal energy storage in buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 87-94.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mohamed Zbair & Simona Bennici, 2021. "Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-33, May.
    2. Ding, Zhixiong & Wu, Wei & Leung, Michael, 2021. "Advanced/hybrid thermal energy storage technology: material, cycle, system and perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    3. Li, Wei & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Wang, Qiuwang & Zeng, Min, 2022. "Salt hydrate–based gas-solid thermochemical energy storage: Current progress, challenges, and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    4. Hamza Ayaz & Veerakumar Chinnasamy & Junhyeok Yong & Honghyun Cho, 2021. "Review of Technologies and Recent Advances in Low-Temperature Sorption Thermal Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-36, September.
    5. Anti Kur & Jo Darkwa & John Calautit & Rabah Boukhanouf & Mark Worall, 2023. "Solid–Gas Thermochemical Energy Storage Materials and Reactors for Low to High-Temperature Applications: A Concise Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-35, January.
    6. Ding, Zhixiong & Wu, Wei, 2024. "Simulation of a multi-level absorption thermal battery with variable solution flow rate for adjustable cooling capacity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    7. Li, Wei & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Wang, Qiuwang & Zeng, Min, 2020. "Development and characteristics analysis of salt-hydrate based composite sorbent for low-grade thermochemical energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 920-940.
    8. Benjamin Fumey & Luca Baldini, 2021. "Static Temperature Guideline for Comparative Testing of Sorption Heat Storage Systems for Building Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-15, June.
    9. Yihan Wang & Zicheng Zhang & Shuli Liu & Zhihao Wang & Yongliang Shen, 2023. "Development and Characteristics Analysis of Novel Hydrated Salt Composite Adsorbents for Thermochemical Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-21, September.
    10. Gao, Shichao & Wang, Shugang & Sun, Yi & Wang, Jihong & Hu, Peiyu & Shang, Jiaxu & Ma, Zhenjun & Liang, Yuntao, 2023. "Effect of charging operating conditions on open zeolite/water vapor sorption thermal energy storage system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    11. Isye Hayatina & Amar Auckaili & Mohammed Farid, 2023. "Review on Salt Hydrate Thermochemical Heat Transformer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-23, June.
    12. Liu, Xiao & Liu, Xin & Yang, Fangming & Wu, Yupeng, 2024. "Experimental investigation of low-temperature fluidised bed thermochemical energy storage with salt-mesoporous silica composite materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    13. Gao, Shichao & Wang, Shugang & Hu, Peiyu & Wang, Jihong, 2025. "Prediction method of adsorption thermal energy storage reactor performances based on reaction wave model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PA).
    14. Lin, Shusen & Deng, Lisheng & Li, Jun & Kubota, Mitsuhiro & Kobayashi, Noriyuki & Huang, Hongyu, 2024. "Preparation and properties of activated carbon-based Na3PO4 composites for low-temperature thermochemical heat storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    15. Strong, Curtis & Carrier, Ye & Handan Tezel, F., 2022. "Experimental optimization of operating conditions for an open bulk-scale silica gel/water vapour adsorption energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    16. N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem & Kuznik, Frédéric, 2021. "A reality check on long-term thermochemical heat storage for household applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    17. Englmair, Gerald & Moser, Christoph & Furbo, Simon & Dannemand, Mark & Fan, Jianhua, 2018. "Design and functionality of a segmented heat-storage prototype utilizing stable supercooling of sodium acetate trihydrate in a solar heating system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 522-534.
    18. Shkatulov, A.I. & Houben, J. & Fischer, H. & Huinink, H.P., 2020. "Stabilization of K2CO3 in vermiculite for thermochemical energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 990-1000.
    19. Fumey, B. & Weber, R. & Baldini, L., 2019. "Sorption based long-term thermal energy storage – Process classification and analysis of performance limitations: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 57-74.
    20. Le Pierrès, Nolwenn & Huaylla, Fredy & Stutz, Benoit & Perraud, Julien, 2017. "Long-term solar heat storage process by absorption with the KCOOH/H2O couple: Experimental investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1313-1323.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:8:p:1976-:d:1380214. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.