IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i13p3292-d1429123.html

Virtual Energy Storage System Scheduling for Commercial Buildings with Fixed and Dynamic Energy Storage

Author

Listed:
  • Grmay Yordanos Brhane

    (Department of Next Generation Energy System Convergence Based-on Techno-Economics, College of IT Convergence, Global Campus, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Eunsung Oh

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Global Campus, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Sung-Yong Son

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Global Campus, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This study presents a virtual energy storage system (VESS) scheduling method that strategically integrates fixed and dynamic energy storage (ES) solutions to optimize energy management in commercial buildings. Fixed ES, such as batteries, provides stable flexibility but is expensive and can be inefficiently operated. In contrast, dynamic ES can be utilized as needed but requires validation of their flexibility. By combining fixed ES with dynamic ES utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities, this approach enhances grid stability and manages energy costs more effectively. Empirical validation using real-world data from Korea demonstrates significant improvements in total net benefits by reducing energy costs, which are crucial for the economic sustainability of commercial energy use. Additionally, the analysis of Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient with demand identifies where benefits occur in the scheduling process. The integrated system reduces the need for costly upgrades to the utility grid, suggesting a strategic advantage for large-scale adoption. This study establishes a framework for the broader implementation of such integrated systems, highlighting the potential for substantial improvements in energy efficiency, reduced carbon emissions, and enhanced grid reliability.

Suggested Citation

  • Grmay Yordanos Brhane & Eunsung Oh & Sung-Yong Son, 2024. "Virtual Energy Storage System Scheduling for Commercial Buildings with Fixed and Dynamic Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-19, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:13:p:3292-:d:1429123
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/13/3292/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/13/3292/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Suresh Panchanathan & Pradeep Vishnuram & Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam & Mohit Bajaj & Vojtech Blazek & Lukas Prokop & Stanislav Misak, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Bidirectional Converter Topologies for the Vehicle-to-Grid System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-33, March.
    2. Walker, Awnalisa & Kwon, Soongeol, 2021. "Analysis on impact of shared energy storage in residential community: Individual versus shared energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    3. Daneshzand, Farzaneh & Coker, Phil J & Potter, Ben & Smith, Stefan T, 2023. "EV smart charging: How tariff selection influences grid stress and carbon reduction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    4. Nikolaos Papadakis & Dimitrios Al. Katsaprakakis, 2023. "A Review of Energy Efficiency Interventions in Public Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-34, August.
    5. Gulam Smdani & Muhammad Remanul Islam & Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya & Sairul Izwan Bin Safie, 2023. "Performance Evaluation Of Advanced Energy Storage Systems: A Review," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(4), pages 1094-1141, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Elisa Belloni & Flavia Forconi & Gabriele Maria Lozito & Martina Palermo & Michele Quercio & Francesco Riganti Fulginei, 2025. "Development of Recurrent Neural Networks for Thermal/Electrical Analysis of Non-Residential Buildings Based on Energy Consumptions Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    2. Emilian Szczepański & Renata Żochowska & Mariusz Izdebski & Marianna Jacyna, 2025. "Decision-Making Problems in Urban Transport Decarbonization Strategies: Challenges, Tools, and Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-17, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chidebe Stanley Anyanwu & Oluwadayomi Akinsooto & Olorunshogo Benjamin Ogundipe & Samuel Ikemba, 2024. "Net-Zero Energy Buildings: A Path To Sustainable Living," Engineering Heritage Journal (GWK), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 8(2), pages 107-113, October.
    2. Shi, Mengshu & Huang, Yuansheng & Lin, Hongyu, 2023. "Research on power to hydrogen optimization and profit distribution of microgrid cluster considering shared hydrogen storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    3. Quintero Fuentes, Abel & Hickman, Mark & Whitehead, Jake, 2025. "Zone substations' readiness to embrace electric vehicle adoption: Brisbane case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    4. He, Yan & Xiao, Jiang-Wen & Wang, Yan-Wu & Liu, Zhi-Wei & He, Shi-Yuan, 2025. "Subjective-uncertainty-oriented dynamic renting framework for energy storage sharing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 378(PA).
    5. Zhaonian Ye & Yongzhen Wang & Kai Han & Changlu Zhao & Juntao Han & Yilin Zhu, 2023. "Bi-Objective Optimization and Emergy Analysis of Multi-Distributed Energy System Considering Shared Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-23, January.
    6. Vedat Kiray, 2025. "A Scenario-Based Simulation Study for Economic Viability and Widespread Impact Analysis of Consumption-Side Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-26, January.
    7. Manso-Burgos, Á. & Ribó-Pérez, D. & Aparisi-Cerdá, I. & Gómez-Navarro, T. & Madani, H., 2025. "Optimising flexibility in highly electrified energy communities: A Mediterranean perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 395(C).
    8. Mahyudin Nurain & Zailani Suhaiza & Ezlika M. Ghazali, 2025. "The Antecedents and Outcomes of Energy-Conserving Behaviors Among Industrial and Commercial Prosumers of Net Energy Metering (NEM) in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-50, September.
    9. Hussain, Shahid & Irshad, Reyazur Rashid & Pallonetto, Fabiano & Hussain, Ihtisham & Hussain, Zakir & Tahir, Muhammad & Abimannan, Satheesh & Shukla, Saurabh & Yousif, Adil & Kim, Yun-Su & El-Sayed, H, 2023. "Hybrid coordination scheme based on fuzzy inference mechanism for residential charging of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    10. Siqin, Zhuoya & Niu, DongXiao & Li, MingYu & Gao, Tian & Lu, Yifan & Xu, Xiaomin, 2022. "Distributionally robust dispatching of multi-community integrated energy system considering energy sharing and profit allocation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    11. Powell, Siobhan & Martin, Sonia & Rajagopal, Ram & Azevedo, Inês M.L. & de Chalendar, Jacques, 2024. "Future-proof rates for controlled electric vehicle charging: Comparing multi-year impacts of different emission factor signals," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    12. Chen, Yujia & Pei, Wei & Ma, Tengfei & Xiao, Hao, 2023. "Asymmetric Nash bargaining model for peer-to-peer energy transactions combined with shared energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
    13. Kumar, Gokula Manikandan Senthil & Guo, Xinman & Zhou, Shijie & Luo, Haojie & Wu, Qi & Liu, Yulin & Dou, Zhenyu & Pan, Kai & Xu, Yang & Yang, Hongxing & Cao, Sunliang, 2025. "State-of-the-art review of smart energy management systems for supporting zero-emission electric vehicles with X2V and V2X interactions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    14. Sonia Martin & Siobhan Powell & Ram Rajagopal, 2025. "Cascading marginal emissions signals for green charging with growing electric vehicle adoption," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.
    15. Leonardo Nogueira Fontoura da Silva & Marcelo Bruno Capeletti & Alzenira da Rosa Abaide & Luciano Lopes Pfitscher, 2024. "A Stochastic Methodology for EV Fast-Charging Load Curve Estimation Considering the Highway Traffic and User Behavior," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-27, April.
    16. Chen, Jiawen & Zou, Yuan & Zhang, Jun & Zhang, Xudong & Du, Guodong & Meng, Yihao, 2026. "Optimal energy management at solar-integrated hubs for e-taxis with battery swapping and fast charging under power network constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 402(PB).
    17. Weiqi Pan & Xiaorong Yu & Zishan Guo & Tao Qian & Yang Li, 2024. "Online EVs Vehicle-to-Grid Scheduling Coordinated with Multi-Energy Microgrids: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-20, May.
    18. Talihati, Baligen & Tao, Shengyu & Fu, Shiyi & Zhang, Bowen & Fan, Hongtao & Li, Qifen & Lv, Xiaodong & Sun, Yaojie & Wang, Yu, 2024. "Energy storage sharing in residential communities with controllable loads for enhanced operational efficiency and profitability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 373(C).
    19. Moon-Jong Jang & Eunsung Oh, 2024. "Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Vehicle-to-Grid Operation Strategies for Managing Solar Power Generation Forecast Errors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-18, May.
    20. Li, Qi & Xiao, Xukang & Pu, Yuchen & Luo, Shuyu & Liu, Hong & Chen, Weirong, 2023. "Hierarchical optimal scheduling method for regional integrated energy systems considering electricity-hydrogen shared energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:13:p:3292-:d:1429123. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.