IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i21p7365-d1271662.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Torrefaction as a Way to Remove Chlorine and Improve the Energy Properties of Plant Biomass

Author

Listed:
  • Marcin Bajcar

    (Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, 2D Ćwiklińskiej Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Miłosz Zardzewiały

    (Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Bogdan Saletnik

    (Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, 2D Ćwiklińskiej Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Zaguła

    (Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, 2D Ćwiklińskiej Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Czesław Puchalski

    (Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, University of Rzeszow, 2D Ćwiklińskiej Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

  • Józef Gorzelany

    (Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland)

Abstract

This study characterizes and compares the physicochemical parameters of three types of biomass: giant miscanthus, wheat straw, and white willow. An analysis of the chlorine content in the biomass was determined using a 5E-FL2350 fluorine and chlorine analyzer. In addition, energy parameters characterizing the biomass were determined, such as the content of ash and volatile matter in the tested materials, using the LECO TGA 701 thermogravimetric analyzer. The carbon and hydrogen contents were tested using the LECO TruSpec CHN elementary organic analyzer. The calorific value was determined using the LECO AC 500 isoperibolic calorimeter. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the use of the biomass torrefaction process improves its energy parameters. In the long term, this will affect the maintenance of the technical and operational efficiency of devices, installations, and power boilers compared to the co-combustion of fresh biomass. The greatest differences in results were recorded in the case of chlorine content. Carrying out detailed tests on the material immediately after its harvest showed that the content of this element was about 70% higher than in the case of torrefied raw material. The presence of chlorine in alternative fuels is responsible for the formation of chloride corrosion. Its content can be up to five times higher compared to conventional energy sources. The degree of risk of chloride corrosion of the selected elements of devices and installations is assessed on the basis of the so-called “chlorine corrosion index”.

Suggested Citation

  • Marcin Bajcar & Miłosz Zardzewiały & Bogdan Saletnik & Grzegorz Zaguła & Czesław Puchalski & Józef Gorzelany, 2023. "Torrefaction as a Way to Remove Chlorine and Improve the Energy Properties of Plant Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-10, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:21:p:7365-:d:1271662
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7365/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7365/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Coskun Yildiz & Marcel Richter & Jochen Ströhle & Bernd Epple, 2023. "Release of Sulfur and Chlorine Gas Species during Combustion and Pyrolysis of Walnut Shells in an Entrained Flow Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Singh, Satyansh & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Mondal, Monoj Kumar, 2019. "Optimization of process parameters for torrefaction of Acacia nilotica using response surface methodology and characteristics of torrefied biomass as upgraded fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    3. Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Fu, Yujie & Chang, Jo-Shu & Bi, Xiaotao, 2019. "Oxidative torrefaction of biomass nutshells: Evaluations of energy efficiency as well as biochar transportation and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 428-441.
    4. Singh, Rishikesh kumar & Sarkar, Arnab & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad, 2019. "Effect of torrefaction on the physicochemical properties of pigeon pea stalk (Cajanus cajan) and estimation of kinetic parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 805-819.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. A. Silveira, Edgar & Santanna Chaves, Bruno & Macedo, Lucélia & Ghesti, Grace F. & Evaristo, Rafael B.W. & Cruz Lamas, Giulia & Luz, Sandra M. & Protásio, Thiago de Paula & Rousset, Patrick, 2023. "A hybrid optimization approach towards energy recovery from torrefied waste blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 151-165.
    2. Singh, Rishikesh Kumar & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Sarkar, Arnab, 2020. "Optimizing the torrefaction of pigeon pea stalk (cajanus cajan) using response surface methodology (RSM) and characterization of solid, liquid and gaseous products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 677-690.
    3. Kartal, Furkan & Özveren, Uğur, 2022. "Prediction of torrefied biomass properties from raw biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 578-591.
    4. Singh, Satyansh & Chakraborty, Jyoti Prasad & Mondal, Monoj Kumar, 2020. "Torrefaction of woody biomass (Acacia nilotica): Investigation of fuel and flow properties to study its suitability as a good quality solid fuel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 711-724.
    5. Lasek, Janusz A. & Głód, Krzysztof & Słowik, Krzysztof, 2021. "The co-combustion of torrefied municipal solid waste and coal in bubbling fluidised bed combustor under atmospheric and elevated pressure," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 828-841.
    6. Zhao, Zhong & Feng, Shuo & Zhao, Yaying & Wang, Zhuozhi & Ma, Jiao & Xu, Lianfei & Yang, Jiancheng & Shen, Boxiong, 2022. "Investigation on the fuel quality and hydrophobicity of upgraded rice husk derived from various inert and oxidative torrefaction conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 1234-1248.
    7. Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Cheng, Yoke Wang & Liew, Rock Keey & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Peng, Wanxi & Park, Young-Kwon & Sonne, Christian & Kong, Sieng Huat & Tabatabaei, 2021. "Progress in the torrefaction technology for upgrading oil palm wastes to energy-dense biochar: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    8. Peng Liu & Panpan Lang & Ailing Lu & Yanling Li & Xueqin Li & Tanglei Sun & Yantao Yang & Hui Li & Tingzhou Lei, 2022. "Effect of Evolution of Carbon Structure during Torrefaction in Woody Biomass on Thermal Degradation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-11, December.
    9. Cheng, Wei & Shao, Jing'ai & Zhu, Youjian & Zhang, Wennan & Jiang, Hao & Hu, Junhao & Zhang, Xiong & Yang, Haiping & Chen, Hanping, 2022. "Effect of oxidative torrefaction on particulate matter emission from agricultural biomass pellet combustion in comparison with non-oxidative torrefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 39-51.
    10. Kung, Kevin S. & Thengane, Sonal K. & Shanbhogue, Santosh & Ghoniem, Ahmed F., 2019. "Parametric analysis of torrefaction reactor operating under oxygen-lean conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 603-614.
    11. Jagadale, Manisha & Gangil, Sandip & Jadhav, Mahesh, 2023. "Enhancing fuel characteristics of jute sticks (Corchorus Sp.) using fixed bed torrefaction process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    12. Lin, Yi-Li & Zheng, Nai-Yun & Lin, Ching-Shi, 2021. "Repurposing Washingtonia filifera petiole and Sterculia foetida follicle waste biomass for renewable energy through torrefaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    13. Zhang, Congyu & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Wang, Rupeng, 2021. "Comparative indexes, fuel characterization and thermogravimetric- Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-mass spectrogram (TG-FTIR-MS) analysis of microalga Nannochloropsis Oceanica under oxidative a," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    14. Zhang, Congyu & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Ho, Shih-Hsin, 2022. "Elemental loss, enrichment, transformation and life cycle assessment of torrefied corncob," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    15. Li, Lanyu & Yao, Zhiyi & You, Siming & Wang, Chi-Hwa & Chong, Clive & Wang, Xiaonan, 2019. "Optimal design of negative emission hybrid renewable energy systems with biochar production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 233-249.
    16. Kumar, R. & Strezov, V. & Weldekidan, H. & He, J. & Singh, S. & Kan, T. & Dastjerdi, B., 2020. "Lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis for bio-oil production: A review of biomass pre-treatment methods for production of drop-in fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    17. Hasan, Mohd Faizal & Omar, Muhammad Syaraffi & Sukiran, Mohamad Azri & Nyakuma, Bemgba Bevan & Muhamad Said, Mohd Farid, 2022. "Torrefaction of fibrous empty fruit bunch under mild pressurization technique," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 349-358.
    18. Devaraja, Udya Madhavi Aravindi & Senadheera, Sachini Supunsala & Gunarathne, Duleeka Sandamali, 2022. "Torrefaction severity and performance of Rubberwood and Gliricidia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 1341-1353.
    19. Wen-Tien Tsai & Tasi-Jung Jiang & Yu-Quan Lin & Xiang Zhang & Kung-Sheng Yeh & Chi-Hung Tsai, 2021. "Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-10, November.
    20. Zhang, Congyu & Yang, Wu & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Pétrissans, Anelie & Pétrissans, Mathieu, 2022. "Effect of torrefaction on the structure and reactivity of rice straw as well as life cycle assessment of torrefaction process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:21:p:7365-:d:1271662. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.