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Smart Electric Vehicle Charging in the Era of Internet of Vehicles, Emerging Trends, and Open Issues

Author

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  • Bhaskar P. Rimal

    (The Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA)

  • Cuiyu Kong

    (Department of Computer Information Systems, Highline College, Des Moines, WA 98198, USA)

  • Bikrant Poudel

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA)

  • Yong Wang

    (The Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA)

  • Pratima Shahi

    (Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal)

Abstract

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV), where people, fleets of electric vehicles (EVs), utility, power grids, distributed renewable energy, and communications and computing infrastructures are connected, has emerged as the next big leap in smart grids and city sectors for a sustainable society. Meanwhile, decentralized and complex grid edge faces many challenges for planning, operation, and management of power systems. Therefore, providing a reliable communications infrastructure is vital. The fourth industrial revolution, that is, a cyber-physical system in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and coexistence of edge (fog) and cloud computing brings new ways of dealing with such challenges and helps maximize the benefits of power grids. From this perspective, as a use case of IoV, we present a cloud-based EV charging framework to tackle issues of high demand in charging stations during peak hours. A price incentive scheme and another scheme, electricity supply expansion, are presented and compared with the baseline. The results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical models improve the system performance and the quality of service (QoS) for EV customers. The proposed methods can efficiently assist system operators in managing the system design and grid stability. Further, to shed light on emerging technologies for smart and connected EVs, we elaborate on seven major trends: decentralized energy trading based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology, behavioral science and behavioral economics, artificial and computational intelligence and its applications, digital twins of IoV, software-defined IoVs, and intelligent EV charging with information-centric networking, and parking lot microgrids and EV-based virtual storage. We have also discussed some of the potential research issues in IoV to further study IoV. The integration of communications, modern power system management, EV control management, and computing technologies for IoV are crucial for grid stability and large-scale EV charging networks.

Suggested Citation

  • Bhaskar P. Rimal & Cuiyu Kong & Bikrant Poudel & Yong Wang & Pratima Shahi, 2022. "Smart Electric Vehicle Charging in the Era of Internet of Vehicles, Emerging Trends, and Open Issues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-24, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:5:p:1908-:d:764736
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Nnaemeka V. Emodi & Udochukwu B. Akuru & Michael O. Dioha & Patrick Adoba & Remeredzai J. Kuhudzai & Olusola Bamisile, 2023. "The Role of Internet of Things on Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Consumer Experience," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Tomasz Zema & Adam Sulich & Sebastian Grzesiak, 2022. "Charging Stations and Electromobility Development: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, December.
    3. Rajeshkumar Ramraj & Ehsan Pashajavid & Sanath Alahakoon & Shantha Jayasinghe, 2023. "Quality of Service and Associated Communication Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
    4. Bogdan Gilev & Miroslav Andreev & Nikolay Hinov & George Angelov, 2022. "Modeling and Simulation of a Low-Cost Fast Charging Station Based on a Micro Gas Turbine and a Supercapacitor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-15, October.

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