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The Impact of Water Hammer on Hydraulic Power Units

Author

Listed:
  • Sorin-Ioan Lupa

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Politehnica Timişoara, Blvd. Mihai Viteazu, No. 1, 300222 Timişoara, Romania)

  • Martin Gagnon

    (Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), 1800 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada)

  • Sebastian Muntean

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Politehnica Timişoara, Blvd. Mihai Viteazu, No. 1, 300222 Timişoara, Romania
    Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy–Timişoara Branch, Blvd. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timişoara, Romania)

  • Georges Abdul-Nour

    (Département de Génie Industriel, École D’ingénierie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada)

Abstract

Water hammer influences the life cycle of hydraulic passages and may even cause catastrophic structural failures. Several catastrophic failures of hydraulic power units have been reported in the literature due to the effects of transient regimes. The objective of the study is to highlight the global trend in water hammer assessment and to quantify the effect of factors influencing overpressure in hydraulic passages during load rejection in different hydropower plants. A brief and concise literature review is conducted to document the parameters associated with the water hammer phenomenon and to thereby identify the necessary prerequisites to validate theoretical and numerical results against experimental data. The purpose of the analysis is to identify extreme transient loads on hydraulic passages in order to properly adapt hydropower unit operation, to make recommendations for design and industry, and to guide the progress of adapted models and numerical simulations to capture complex phenomena. Empirical correlations are determined based on the experimental data that are transferable from one unit to another, even if a deep flow analysis is performed. The experimental results confirm that the rapid closure rate of the guide vanes has a significant impact on the phenomenon. A third order polynomial equation is applied to capture the general overpressure trends. Equation parameters change from case to case depending on the type of hydraulic power unit, closing rate and the type of hydraulic passage. The results confirm also that overpressure values depend significantly on other factors, some of which are not usually taken into account (e.g., runner speed). Experimental correlations make it possible to understand the water hammer phenomenon, which could help not just assessing and optimizing loads, but also verifying and validating more complex physical models, to ensure that hydraulic passages are reliable. A well-documented analysis also makes it possible to optimize equipment design, improve and adapt maintenance programs and to recommend appropriate operating parameters to increase equipment lifespan, while preventing incidents.

Suggested Citation

  • Sorin-Ioan Lupa & Martin Gagnon & Sebastian Muntean & Georges Abdul-Nour, 2022. "The Impact of Water Hammer on Hydraulic Power Units," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-27, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:4:p:1526-:d:752776
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Li Zhao & Yusi Yang & Tong Wang & Liang Zhou & Yong Li & Miao Zhang, 2020. "A Simulation Calculation Method of a Water Hammer with Multpoint Collapsing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Kougias, Ioannis & Aggidis, George & Avellan, François & Deniz, Sabri & Lundin, Urban & Moro, Alberto & Muntean, Sebastian & Novara, Daniele & Pérez-Díaz, Juan Ignacio & Quaranta, Emanuele & Schild, P, 2019. "Analysis of emerging technologies in the hydropower sector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Liu, Xin & Luo, Yongyao & Wang, Zhengwei, 2016. "A review on fatigue damage mechanism in hydro turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1-14.
    4. Sheng Chen & Jian Zhang & Gaohui Li & Xiaodong Yu, 2019. "Influence Mechanism of Geometric Characteristics of Water Conveyance System on Extreme Water Hammer during Load Rejection in Pumped Storage Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-22, July.
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