IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i14p5144-d863620.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determination of the Optimum Blend Ratio of Diesel, Waste Oil Derived Biodiesel and 1-Pentanol Using the Response Surface Method

Author

Listed:
  • Nadir Yilmaz

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA)

  • Alpaslan Atmanli

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Defense University, Ankara 06654, Turkey)

  • Matthew J. Hall

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

  • Francisco M. Vigil

    (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA)

Abstract

Higher alcohols can be included as a third component in biodiesel-diesel mixtures to improve fuel properties and reduce emissions. Determining the optimum concentrations of these fuels according to the purpose of engine use is important both environmentally and economically. In this study, eight different concentrations of diesel (D), waste oil derived biodiesel (WOB), and 1-pentanol (P) ternary mixtures were determined by the design of experimental method (DOE). In order to determine the engine performance and exhaust emission parameters of these fuels, they were tested on a diesel engine with a constant load of 6 kW and a constant engine speed of 1800 rpm. Using the test results obtained, a full quadratic mathematical model with a 95% confidence level was created using the Response Surface Method (RSM) to predict five different output parameters (BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, and NO x ) according to the fuel mixture ratios. The R 2 accuracy values of the outputs were found at the reliability level. According to the criteria that BTE will be maximum and BSFC, CO, HC, and NO x emissions will be minimum, the optimization determined that the fuel mixture 79.09% D-8.33% WOB-12.58% P concentration (DWOBP opt ) will produce the desired result. A low prediction error was obtained with the confirmation test. As a result, it is concluded that the optimized fuel can be an alternative to the commonly accepted B7 blend and can be used safely in diesel engines.

Suggested Citation

  • Nadir Yilmaz & Alpaslan Atmanli & Matthew J. Hall & Francisco M. Vigil, 2022. "Determination of the Optimum Blend Ratio of Diesel, Waste Oil Derived Biodiesel and 1-Pentanol Using the Response Surface Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5144-:d:863620
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/14/5144/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/14/5144/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bergthorson, Jeffrey M. & Thomson, Murray J., 2015. "A review of the combustion and emissions properties of advanced transportation biofuels and their impact on existing and future engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1393-1417.
    2. How, H.G. & Teoh, Y.H. & Krishnan, B. Navaneetha & Le, T.D. & Nguyen, H.T. & Prabhu, C., 2021. "Prediction of optimum Palm Oil Methyl Ester fuel blend for compression ignition engine using Response Surface Methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    3. Singh, Yashvir & Sharma, Abhishek & Tiwari, Sumit & Singla, Amneesh, 2019. "Optimization of diesel engine performance and emission parameters employing cassia tora methyl esters-response surface methodology approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 909-918.
    4. Singh, Paramvir & Varun, & Chauhan, S.R. & Kumar, Niraj, 2016. "A review on methodology for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines using mixed feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1110-1125.
    5. Iman K. Reksowardojo & Hari Setiapraja & Rizqon Fajar & Edi Wibowo & Dadan Kusdiana, 2020. "An Investigation of Laboratory and Road Test of Common Rail Injection Vehicles Fueled with B20 Biodiesel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Zhang, Zhi-Hui & Balasubramanian, Rajasekhar, 2016. "Investigation of particulate emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohols/biodiesel blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 71-80.
    7. Diego Perrone & Angelo Algieri & Pietropaolo Morrone & Teresa Castiglione, 2021. "Energy and Economic Investigation of a Biodiesel-Fired Engine for Micro-Scale Cogeneration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-28, January.
    8. Babu, D. & Anand, R., 2017. "Effect of biodiesel-diesel-n-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-hexanol blends on diesel engine emission and combustion characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 761-776.
    9. Rajesh Kumar, B. & Saravanan, S., 2016. "Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 84-115.
    10. Atmanli, Alpaslan & Ileri, Erol & Yilmaz, Nadir, 2016. "Optimization of diesel–butanol–vegetable oil blend ratios based on engine operating parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 569-580.
    11. Carlo Caligiuri & Marco Bietresato & Angelo Algieri & Marco Baratieri & Massimiliano Renzi, 2022. "Experimental Investigation and RSM Modeling of the Effects of Injection Timing on the Performance and NO x Emissions of a Micro-Cogeneration Unit Fueled with Biodiesel Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, May.
    12. Ma, Yinjie & Huang, Ronghua & Fu, Jianqin & Huang, Sheng & Liu, Jingping, 2018. "Development of a diesel/biodiesel/alcohol (up to n-pentanol) combined mechanism based on reaction pathways analysis methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 835-847.
    13. Mei Yin Ong & Saifuddin Nomanbhay & Fitranto Kusumo & Raja Mohamad Hafriz Raja Shahruzzaman & Abd Halim Shamsuddin, 2021. "Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-17, January.
    14. Serrano, Marta & Oliveros, Rubén & Sánchez, Marcos & Moraschini, Andrea & Martínez, Mercedes & Aracil, José, 2014. "Influence of blending vegetable oil methyl esters on biodiesel fuel properties: Oxidative stability and cold flow properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 109-115.
    15. Sandeep Krishnakumar & T. M. Yunus Khan & C. R. Rajashekhar & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Asif Afzal & Ashraf Elfasakhany, 2021. "Influence of Graphene Nano Particles and Antioxidants with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Diesel Blends on Engine Performance and Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-17, July.
    16. Wei, Liangjie & Cheung, C.S. & Huang, Zuohua, 2014. "Effect of n-pentanol addition on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 172-180.
    17. Rajesh Kumar, B. & Saravanan, S. & Rana, D. & Nagendran, A., 2016. "Use of some advanced biofuels for overcoming smoke/NOx trade-off in a light-duty DI diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 687-699.
    18. Salvi, B.L. & Subramanian, K.A. & Panwar, N.L., 2013. "Alternative fuels for transportation vehicles: A technical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 404-419.
    19. Li, Li & Wang, Jianxin & Wang, Zhi & Liu, Haoye, 2015. "Combustion and emissions of compression ignition in a direct injection diesel engine fueled with pentanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 575-581.
    20. Ghadikolaei, Meisam Ahmadi & Cheung, Chun Shun & Yung, Ka-Fu, 2018. "Study of combustion, performance and emissions of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/alcohol blends having the same oxygen concentration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 258-269.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nadir Yilmaz & Francisco M. Vigil & Alpaslan Atmanli & Burl Donaldson, 2022. "Detailed Analysis of PAH Formation, Toxicity and Regulated Pollutants in a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel Blends with n-Propanol, n-Butanol and n-Pentanol," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Homeyra Piri & Massimiliano Renzi & Marco Bietresato, 2023. "Technical Implications of the Use of Biofuels in Agricultural and Industrial Compression-Ignition Engines with a Special Focus on the Interactions with (Bio)lubricants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-45, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ghadikolaei, Meisam Ahmadi & Wong, Pak Kin & Cheung, Chun Shun & Ning, Zhi & Yung, Ka-Fu & Zhao, Jing & Gali, Nirmal Kumar & Berenjestanaki, Alireza Valipour, 2021. "Impact of lower and higher alcohols on the physicochemical properties of particulate matter from diesel engines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    2. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.
    3. M, Vinod Babu & K, Madhu Murthy & G, Amba Prasad Rao, 2017. "Butanol and pentanol: The promising biofuels for CI engines – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1068-1088.
    4. Yesilyurt, Murat Kadir & Eryilmaz, Tanzer & Arslan, Mevlüt, 2018. "A comparative analysis of the engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviors of a compression ignition engine fuelled with biodiesel/diesel/1-butanol (C4 alcohol) and biodiesel/diesel/," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 1332-1351.
    5. Liang, Zhirong & Yu, Zhenhong & Liu, Haoye & Chen, Longfei & Huang, Xinyan, 2022. "Combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine burning a wide range of conventional hydrocarbon and alternative fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    6. Ashok, B. & Jeevanantham, A.K. & Nanthagopal, K. & Saravanan, B. & Senthil Kumar, M. & Johny, Ajith & Mohan, Aravind & Kaisan, Muhammad Usman & Abubakar, Shitu, 2019. "An experimental analysis on the effect of n-pentanol- Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel binary blends in CI engine characteristcis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 290-305.
    7. Konjević, Lucija & Racar, Marko & Ilinčić, Petar & Faraguna, Fabio, 2023. "A comprehensive study on application properties of diesel blends with propanol, butanol, isobutanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol and dodecanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    8. Liu, Xinlei & Wang, Hu & Zheng, Zunqing & Liu, Jialin & Reitz, Rolf D. & Yao, Mingfa, 2016. "Development of a combined reduced primary reference fuel-alcohols (methanol/ethanol/propanols/butanols/n-pentanol) mechanism for engine applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 542-558.
    9. Kumar, A. Naresh & Kishore, P.S. & Raju, K. Brahma & Ashok, B. & Vignesh, R. & Jeevanantham, A.K. & Nanthagopal, K. & Tamilvanan, A., 2020. "Decanol proportional effect prediction model as additive in palm biodiesel using ANN and RSM technique for diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    10. Solmaz, Hamit & Ardebili, Seyed Mohammad Safieddin & Calam, Alper & Yılmaz, Emre & İpci, Duygu, 2021. "Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a CI engine fueled with multi-wall carbon nanotube doped biodiesel-diesel blends using response surface method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    11. Rajesh Kumar, B. & Saravanan, S. & Rana, D. & Nagendran, A., 2016. "Use of some advanced biofuels for overcoming smoke/NOx trade-off in a light-duty DI diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 687-699.
    12. Han, Kai & Lin, Qizhao & Liu, Minghou & Meng, Kesheng & Ni, Zhanshi & Liu, Yu & Tian, Junjian & Qiu, Zhicong, 2022. "Experimental study on the micro-explosion characteristics of biodiesel/1-pentanol and biodiesel/ methanol blended droplets," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 261-277.
    13. Ma, Yinjie & Huang, Sheng & Huang, Ronghua & Zhang, Yu & Xu, Shijie, 2017. "Ignition and combustion characteristics of n-pentanol–diesel blends in a constant volume chamber," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 519-530.
    14. Kukana, Rajendra & Jakhar, Om Prakash, 2022. "Effect of ternary blends diesel/n-propanol/composite biodiesel on diesel engine operating parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    15. Zhao, Weihua & Yan, Junhao & Gao, Suya & Lee, Timothy H. & Li, Xiangrong, 2022. "The combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with diesel and higher alcohols blends with a high blend ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    16. EL-Seesy, Ahmed I. & He, Zhixia & Kosaka, Hidenori, 2021. "Combustion and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel engine run with n-heptanol-methyl oleate mixtures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    17. Ashok, B. & Nanthagopal, K. & Darla, Sivaprasad & Chyuan, Ong Hwai & Ramesh, A. & Jacob, Ashwin & Sahil, G. & Thiyagarajan, S. & Geo, V. Edwin, 2019. "Comparative assessment of hexanol and decanol as oxygenated additives with calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 494-510.
    18. Rafael R. Maes & Geert Potters & Erik Fransen & Rowan Van Schaeren & Silvia Lenaerts, 2022. "Influence of Adding Low Concentration of Oxygenates in Mineral Diesel Oil and Biodiesel on the Concentration of NO, NO 2 and Particulate Matter in the Exhaust Gas of a One-Cylinder Diesel Generator," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-18, June.
    19. Ashour, Mahmoud K. & Eldrainy, Yehia A. & Elwardany, Ahmed E., 2020. "Effect of cracked naphtha/biodiesel/diesel blends on performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    20. Pachiannan, Tamilselvan & Zhong, Wenjun & Rajkumar, Sundararajan & He, Zhixia & Leng, Xianying & Wang, Qian, 2019. "A literature review of fuel effects on performance and emission characteristics of low-temperature combustion strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5144-:d:863620. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.