IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i23p8043-d693003.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Blockchain and Internet of Things for Electrical Energy Decentralization: A Review and System Architecture

Author

Listed:
  • Manuel Casquiço

    (Department of Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture (ISTAR), ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Bruno Mataloto

    (Department of Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture (ISTAR), ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Joao C. Ferreira

    (Department of Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture (ISTAR), ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Vitor Monteiro

    (Centro ALGORITMI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Joao L. Afonso

    (Centro ALGORITMI, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Jose A. Afonso

    (CMEMS-UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

Abstract

The decentralization in the electrical power grids has gained increasing importance, especially in the last two decades, since transmission system operators (TSO), distribution system operators (DSO) and consumers are more aware of energy efficiency and energy sustainability issues. Therefore, globally, due to the introduction of energy production technologies near the consumers, in residential and industrial sectors, new scenarios of distributed energy resources (DER) are emerging. In order to guarantee an adequate power management in the electrical power grids, incorporating producers, consumers and producers-consumers (prosumers) together, it is important to adopt intelligent systems and platforms that allow the provision of information on energy consumption and production in real time, as well as for obtaining a fair price for the sale and purchase of energy. In this paper, we analyze the literature to identify the appropriate solutions to implement a decentralized electrical power grid based on sensors, blockchain and smart contracts, evaluating the current state of the art and pilot projects already in place. We also discuss a proposal for a power grid model, with renewable energy production, combining Internet of Things, blockchain and smart contracts.

Suggested Citation

  • Manuel Casquiço & Bruno Mataloto & Joao C. Ferreira & Vitor Monteiro & Joao L. Afonso & Jose A. Afonso, 2021. "Blockchain and Internet of Things for Electrical Energy Decentralization: A Review and System Architecture," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-26, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:23:p:8043-:d:693003
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/8043/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/8043/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michael Kostmann & Wolfgang K. Härdle, 2019. "Forecasting in Blockchain-Based Local Energy Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-27, July.
    2. Ye-Byoul Son & Jong-Hyuk Im & Hee-Yong Kwon & Seong-Yun Jeon & Mun-Kyu Lee, 2020. "Privacy-Preserving Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grids Using Functional Encryption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-22, March.
    3. Lee Won Park & Sanghoon Lee & Hangbae Chang, 2018. "A Sustainable Home Energy Prosumer-Chain Methodology with Energy Tags over the Blockchain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-18, March.
    4. Vieira, Guilherme & Zhang, Jie, 2021. "Peer-to-peer energy trading in a microgrid leveraged by smart contracts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    5. Bogdan-Constantin Neagu & Ovidiu Ivanov & Gheorghe Grigoras & Mihai Gavrilas & Dumitru-Marcel Istrate, 2020. "New Market Model with Social and Commercial Tiers for Improved Prosumer Trading in Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-43, September.
    6. Alexandra Schneiders & David Shipworth, 2021. "Community Energy Groups: Can They Shield Consumers from the Risks of Using Blockchain for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, June.
    7. Adamu Sani Yahaya & Nadeem Javaid & Fahad A. Alzahrani & Amjad Rehman & Ibrar Ullah & Affaf Shahid & Muhammad Shafiq, 2020. "Blockchain Based Sustainable Local Energy Trading Considering Home Energy Management and Demurrage Mechanism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-28, April.
    8. Andoni, Merlinda & Robu, Valentin & Flynn, David & Abram, Simone & Geach, Dale & Jenkins, David & McCallum, Peter & Peacock, Andrew, 2019. "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 143-174.
    9. Hua, Weiqi & Jiang, Jing & Sun, Hongjian & Wu, Jianzhong, 2020. "A blockchain based peer-to-peer trading framework integrating energy and carbon markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    10. van Leeuwen, Gijs & AlSkaif, Tarek & Gibescu, Madeleine & van Sark, Wilfried, 2020. "An integrated blockchain-based energy management platform with bilateral trading for microgrid communities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Adam Stecyk & Ireneusz Miciuła, 2023. "Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence for Collaborative Energy Optimization Platforms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Aleksander Jakimowicz, 2022. "The Energy Transition as a Super Wicked Problem: The Energy Sector in the Era of Prosumer Capitalism," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-31, December.
    3. Wenbing Zhao & Quan Qi & Jiong Zhou & Xiong Luo, 2023. "Blockchain-Based Applications for Smart Grids: An Umbrella Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-35, August.
    4. Javier Parra-Domínguez & Esteban Sánchez & Ángel Ordóñez, 2023. "The Prosumer: A Systematic Review of the New Paradigm in Energy and Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-44, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kirli, Desen & Couraud, Benoit & Robu, Valentin & Salgado-Bravo, Marcelo & Norbu, Sonam & Andoni, Merlinda & Antonopoulos, Ioannis & Negrete-Pincetic, Matias & Flynn, David & Kiprakis, Aristides, 2022. "Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    2. Bogdan-Constantin Neagu & Ovidiu Ivanov & Gheorghe Grigoras & Mihai Gavrilas & Dumitru-Marcel Istrate, 2020. "New Market Model with Social and Commercial Tiers for Improved Prosumer Trading in Microgrids," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-43, September.
    3. Yildizbasi, Abdullah, 2021. "Blockchain and renewable energy: Integration challenges in circular economy era," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 183-197.
    4. Tsao, Yu-Chung & Thanh, Vo-Van, 2021. "Toward sustainable microgrids with blockchain technology-based peer-to-peer energy trading mechanism: A fuzzy meta-heuristic approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    5. Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta & Sebastian-Cardenas, D. Jonathan & Bhattarai, Bishnu & Wang, Peng & Widergren, Steve & Borkum, Mark & Randall, Alysha, 2021. "Blockchain smart contract reference framework and program logic architecture for transactive energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    6. Alessandra Chiarini & Lorenzo Compagnucci, 2022. "Blockchain, Data Protection and P2P Energy Trading: A Review on Legal and Economic Challenges," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, December.
    7. Javier Parra-Domínguez & Esteban Sánchez & Ángel Ordóñez, 2023. "The Prosumer: A Systematic Review of the New Paradigm in Energy and Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-44, July.
    8. Wang, Longze & Jiao, Shucen & Xie, Yu & Xia, Shiwei & Zhang, Delong & Zhang, Yan & Li, Meicheng, 2022. "Two-way dynamic pricing mechanism of hydrogen filling stations in electric-hydrogen coupling system enhanced by blockchain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    9. Rahel Mandaroux & Chuanwen Dong & Guodong Li, 2021. "A European Emissions Trading System Powered by Distributed Ledger Technology: An Evaluation Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, February.
    10. Jagdish Prasad Nepal & Nuttaya Yuangyai & Saroj Gyawali & Chumpol Yuangyai, 2022. "Blockchain-Based Smart Renewable Energy: Review of Operational and Transactional Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-21, July.
    11. Saha, Shammya & Ravi, Nikhil & Hreinsson, Kári & Baek, Jaejong & Scaglione, Anna & Johnson, Nathan G., 2021. "A secure distributed ledger for transactive energy: The Electron Volt Exchange (EVE) blockchain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    12. Yahia Baashar & Gamal Alkawsi & Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani & Wahidah Hashim & Rina Azlin Razali & Sieh Kiong Tiong, 2021. "Toward Blockchain Technology in the Energy Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    13. Ahl, Amanda & Goto, Mika & Yarime, Masaru & Tanaka, Kenji & Sagawa, Daishi, 2022. "Challenges and opportunities of blockchain energy applications: Interrelatedness among technological, economic, social, environmental, and institutional dimensions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    14. Roth, Tamara & Utz, Manuel & Baumgarte, Felix & Rieger, Alexander & Sedlmeir, Johannes & Strüker, Jens, 2022. "Electricity powered by blockchain: A review with a European perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    15. Karim L. Anaya & Michael G. Pollitt, 2021. "How to Procure Flexibility Services within the Electricity Distribution System: Lessons from an International Review of Innovation Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-26, July.
    16. A. J. Jin & C. Li & J. Su & J. Tan, 2022. "Fundamental Studies of Smart Distributed Energy Resources along with Energy Blockchain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-12, October.
    17. Yan Liu & Chao Shang, 2022. "Application of Blockchain Technology in Agricultural Water Rights Trade Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-10, June.
    18. Daniel Sousa-Dias & Daniel Amyot & Ashkan Rahimi-Kian & John Mylopoulos, 2023. "A Review of Cybersecurity Concerns for Transactive Energy Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-32, June.
    19. Mousa Mohammed Khubrani & Shadab Alam, 2023. "Blockchain-Based Microgrid for Safe and Reliable Power Generation and Distribution: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-34, August.
    20. Md Al Amin & Dewan Hafiz Nabil & Roberto Baldacci & Md. Habibur Rahman, 2023. "Exploring Blockchain Implementation Challenges for Sustainable Supply Chains: An Integrated Fuzzy TOPSIS–ISM Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-25, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:23:p:8043-:d:693003. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.