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Evaporator Frosting in Refrigerating Appliances: Fundamentals and Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Christian J. L. Hermes

    (POLO Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil)

  • Joel Boeng

    (POLO Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil)

  • Diogo L. da Silva

    (Laboratory of Vehicular Refrigeration, Department of Mobility Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Joinville 89218-035, Brazil)

  • Fernando T. Knabben

    (POLO Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil)

  • Andrew D. Sommers

    (Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 56 Garland Hall, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA)

Abstract

Modern refrigerators are equipped with fan-supplied evaporators often tailor-made to mitigate the impacts of frost accretion, not only in terms of frost blocking, which depletes the cooling capacity and therefore the refrigerator coefficient of performance (COP), but also to allow optimal defrosting, thereby avoiding the undesired consequences of condensate retention and additional thermal loads. Evaporator design for frosting conditions can be done either empirically through trial-and-error approaches or using simulation models suitable to predict the distribution of the frost mass along the finned coil. Albeit the former is mandatory for robustness verification prior to product approval, it has been advocated that the latter speeds up the design process and reduces the costs of the engineering undertaking. Therefore, this article is aimed at summarizing the required foundations for the design of efficient evaporators and defrosting systems with minimized performance impacts due to frosting. The thermodynamics, and the heat and mass transfer principles involved in the frost nucleation, growth, and densification phenomena are presented. The thermophysical properties of frost, such as density and thermal conductivity, are discussed, and their relationship with refrigeration operating conditions are established. A first-principles model is presented to predict the growth of the frost layer on the evaporator surface as a function of geometric and operating conditions. The relation between the microscopic properties of frost and their macroscopic effects on the evaporator thermo-hydraulic performance is established and confirmed with experimental evidence. Furthermore, different defrost strategies are compared, and the concept of optimal defrost is formulated. Finally, the results are used to analyze the efficiency of the defrost operation based on the net cooling capacity of the refrigeration system for different duty cycles and evaporator geometries.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian J. L. Hermes & Joel Boeng & Diogo L. da Silva & Fernando T. Knabben & Andrew D. Sommers, 2021. "Evaporator Frosting in Refrigerating Appliances: Fundamentals and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5991-:d:639935
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wu, Jianghong & Ouyang, Guang & Hou, Puxiu & Xiao, Haobin, 2011. "Experimental investigation of frost formation on a parallel flow evaporator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1549-1556, May.
    2. Cho, Honghyun & Kim, Yongchan & Jang, Inkyu, 2005. "Performance of a showcase refrigeration system with multi-evaporator during on–off cycling and hot-gas bypass defrost," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(10), pages 1915-1930.
    3. Wansheng Yang & Bin Zeng & Yanmei Zhang & Song He & Xudong Zhao, 2018. "Frosting Performance of a Nanoporous Hydrophilic Aluminum Surface," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-17, December.
    4. Amer, Mohammed & Wang, Chi-Chuan, 2017. "Review of defrosting methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 53-74.
    5. Borges, Bruno N. & Melo, Cláudio & Hermes, Christian J.L., 2015. "Transient simulation of a two-door frost-free refrigerator subjected to periodic door opening and evaporator frosting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 386-395.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daria Krasota & Przemysław Błasiak & Piotr Kolasiński, 2023. "Literature Review of Frost Formation Phenomena on Domestic Refrigerators Evaporators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-30, March.

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