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Variability in Measured Real-World Operational Energy Use and Emission Rates of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Author

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  • H. Christopher Frey

    (Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Xiaohui Zheng

    (Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Jiangchuan Hu

    (Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

Abstract

Compared to comparably sized conventional light duty gasoline vehicles (CLDGVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) may offer benefits of improved energy economy, reduced emissions, and the flexibility to use electricity as an energy source. PHEVs operate in either charge depleting (CD) or charge sustaining (CS) mode; the engine has the ability to turn on and off; and the engine can have multiple cold starts. A method is demonstrated for quantifying the real-world activity, energy use, and emissions of PHEVs, taking into account these operational characteristics and differences in electricity generation resource mix. A 2013 Toyota Prius plug-in was measured using a portable emission measurement system. Vehicle specific power (VSP) based modal average energy use and emission rates are inferred to assess trends in energy use and emissions with respect to engine load and for comparisons of engine on versus engine off, and cold start versus hot stabilized running. The results show that, compared to CLDGVs, the PHEV operating in CD mode has improved energy efficiency and lower CO 2 , CO, HC, NO x , and PM 2.5 emission rates for a wide range of power generation fuel mixes. However, PHEV energy use and emission rates are highly variable, with periods of relatively high on-road emission rates related to cold starts.

Suggested Citation

  • H. Christopher Frey & Xiaohui Zheng & Jiangchuan Hu, 2020. "Variability in Measured Real-World Operational Energy Use and Emission Rates of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:5:p:1140-:d:328043
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Boya Zhou & Shaojun Zhang & Ye Wu & Wenwei Ke & Xiaoyi He & Jiming Hao, 2018. "Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 735-756, June.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Fernandes, P. & Tomás, R. & Ferreira, E. & Bahmankhah, B. & Coelho, M.C., 2021. "Driving aggressiveness in hybrid electric vehicles: Assessing the impact of driving volatility on emission rates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    3. Witsarut Achariyaviriya & Wongkot Wongsapai & Kittitat Janpoom & Tossapon Katongtung & Yuttana Mona & Nakorn Tippayawong & Pana Suttakul, 2023. "Estimating Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Vehicles Using Vehicle Sensor Data and Machine Learning Approaches," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-14, September.
    4. Wang, Yachao & Wen, Yi & Zhu, Qinggong & Luo, Jiaxin & Yang, Zhengjun & Su, Sheng & Wang, Xin & Hao, Lijun & Tan, Jianwei & Yin, Hang & Ge, Yunshan, 2022. "Real driving energy consumption and CO2 & pollutant emission characteristics of a parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle under different propulsion modes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    5. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Szymon Konieczka, 2023. "Comparison of the Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles, as Well as Electric Vehicles Fitted with a Range Extender," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.
    6. Andyn Omanovic & Norbert Zsiga & Patrik Soltic & Christopher Onder, 2021. "Optimal Degree of Hybridization for Spark-Ignited Engines with Optional Variable Valve Timings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, December.

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