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Valorization of Cynara Cardunculus L. Oil as the Basis of a Biorefinery for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production

Author

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  • Sergio Nogales-Delgado

    (Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical-Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • Nuria Sánchez

    (Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical-Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • José María Encinar

    (Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical-Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

Abstract

The production of sustainable and biodegradable products, for energy or material use, is becoming important for local economies. Thus, biorefineries can play an important role in sustainable development at regional levels and therefore the search for feedstocks with multiple uses is vital. The goal of this research was to assess the implementation of Cynara Cardunculus L. oil as the basis of a biorefinery for biodiesel and biolubricant production, proposing the main steps for this purpose. The chemical reaction selected for biodiesel and biolubricant production was transesterification, using methanol and other more complex alcohols. The optimization of each step was carried out, assessing the yield by gas chromatography. Once the optimum conditions were selected, the main characteristics of the biofuel or biolubricant were measured, paying attention to viscosity and oxidative stability. As a result, Cynara Cardunculus L. oil could be a suitable feedstock for a biorefinery, as long as some antioxidants are added in final products, especially to increase its oxidative stability in biodiesel (whose value was 1.35 h). Concerning biolubricant production, the yields were acceptable (exceeding 92%) and the products showed variable viscosity values (from 8.6 to 18.85 cSt), implying a desirable diversification of production depending on demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergio Nogales-Delgado & Nuria Sánchez & José María Encinar, 2020. "Valorization of Cynara Cardunculus L. Oil as the Basis of a Biorefinery for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-19, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:19:p:5085-:d:421392
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Saluja, Rajesh Kumar & Kumar, Vineet & Sham, Radhey, 2016. "Stability of biodiesel – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 866-881.
    2. Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz & Ahmad Adnan & Farooq Anwar & Hamid Mukhtar & Muhammad Asam Raza & Farooq Ahmad & Umer Rashid, 2012. "Response Surface Methodology: An Emphatic Tool for Optimized Biodiesel Production Using Rice Bran and Sunflower Oils," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(9), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Varatharajan, K. & Pushparani, D.S., 2018. "Screening of antioxidant additives for biodiesel fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2017-2028.
    4. Sergio Nogales-Delgado & José María Encinar & Juan Félix González, 2019. "Safflower Biodiesel: Improvement of its Oxidative Stability by Using BHA and TBHQ," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, May.
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    1. Sergio Nogales-Delgado & Agustina Guiberteau Cabanillas & Juan Pedro Moro & José María Encinar Martín, 2023. "Use of Propyl Gallate in Cardoon Biodiesel to Keep Its Main Properties during Oxidation," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Mariana Abreu & Luís Silva & Belina Ribeiro & Alice Ferreira & Luís Alves & Susana M. Paixão & Luísa Gouveia & Patrícia Moura & Florbela Carvalheiro & Luís C. Duarte & Ana Luisa Fernando & Alberto Rei, 2022. "Low Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) Energy Crops to Bioenergy and Biofuels—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-68, June.
    3. Ramoon Barros Lovate Temporim & Gianluca Cavalaglio & Alessandro Petrozzi & Valentina Coccia & Franco Cotana & Andrea Nicolini, 2022. "Life Cycle Assessment of Cynara cardunculus L. -Based Polygeneration and Biodiesel Chains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-19, October.

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