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Multi-Ejector Concept: A Comprehensive Review on its Latest Technological Developments

Author

Listed:
  • Paride Gullo

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1D, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Armin Hafner

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1D, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Krzysztof Banasiak

    (Department of Thermal Energy, SINTEF Energy Research, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Silvia Minetto

    (Construction Technology Institute, CNR National Research Council of Italy, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padua, Italy)

  • Ekaterini E. Kriezi

    (Danfoss A/S, Nordborgvej 81, 6430 Nordborg, Denmark)

Abstract

The adoption of the EU F-Gas Regulation 517/2014 and the resulting development of the multi-ejector concept have led carbon dioxide to take center stage as the sole refrigerant (R744) in several applications. Therefore, a knock-on effect on the number of supermarkets relying on “CO 2 only” refrigeration systems has been experienced. Additionally, a global consensus of commercial multi-ejector based R744 units is also intensifying as a consequence of both the promising results obtained and the other measures in force for environment preservation. Furthermore, the multi-ejector concept is expected to offer significant energy savings in other high energy-demanding buildings (e.g., hotels, gyms, spas) as well, even in warm climates. In this investigation, the evolution of R744 ejector supported parallel vapor compression system layouts for food retail applications was summed up. Furthermore, their technological aspects, the results related to the main theoretical assessments and some relevant field/laboratory measurements were summarized. Also, the experience gained in the adoption of the multi-ejector concept in transcritical R744 vapor-compression units aimed at other energy intensive applications was presented. Finally, the persistent barriers needing to be overcome as well as the required future work were brought to light.

Suggested Citation

  • Paride Gullo & Armin Hafner & Krzysztof Banasiak & Silvia Minetto & Ekaterini E. Kriezi, 2019. "Multi-Ejector Concept: A Comprehensive Review on its Latest Technological Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-29, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:3:p:406-:d:201366
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Peris Pérez, Bernardo & Ávila Gutiérrez, Miguel & Expósito Carrillo, José Antonio & Salmerón Lissén, José Manuel, 2022. "Performance of Solar-driven Ejector Refrigeration System (SERS) as pre-cooling system for air handling units in warm climates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    3. Lixing Zheng & Yiyan Zhang & Lifen Hao & Haojie Lian & Jianqiang Deng & Wei Lu, 2022. "Modelling, Optimization, and Experimental Studies of Refrigeration CO 2 Ejectors: A Review," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(22), pages 1-23, November.
    4. Jianmei Feng & Jiquan Han & Zihui Pang & Xueyuan Peng, 2023. "Designing Hydrogen Recirculation Ejectors for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-10, January.
    5. Ángel Á. Pardiñas & Michael Jokiel & Christian Schlemminger & Håkon Selvnes & Armin Hafner, 2021. "Modeling of a CO 2 -Based Integrated Refrigeration System for Supermarkets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-21, October.
    6. Paolo Artuso & Giacomo Tosato & Antonio Rossetti & Sergio Marinetti & Armin Hafner & Krzysztof Banasiak & Silvia Minetto, 2021. "Dynamic Modelling and Validation of an Air-to-Water Reversible R744 Heat Pump for High Energy Demand Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-25, December.
    7. Knut Emil Ringstad & Krzysztof Banasiak & Åsmund Ervik & Armin Hafner, 2022. "Swirl-Bypass Nozzle for CO 2 Two-Phase Ejectors: Numerical Design Exploration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-30, September.
    8. Laura Nebot-Andrés & Daniel Calleja-Anta & Daniel Sánchez & Ramón Cabello & Rodrigo Llopis, 2019. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a CO 2 Refrigeration Cycle with Integrated Mechanical Subcooling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. Lawrence Drojetzki & Mieczyslaw Porowski, 2023. "Outdoor Climate as a Decision Variable in the Selection of an Energy-Optimal Refrigeration System Based on Natural Refrigerants for a Supermarket," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-24, April.
    10. Li, Shengyu & Yan, Jia & Liu, Zhan & Yao, Yong & Li, Xianbi & Wen, Na & Zou, Guorong, 2019. "Optimization on crucial ejector geometries in a multi-evaporator refrigeration system for tropical region refrigerated trucks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    11. Konrad, Mary Elizabeth & MacDonald, Brendan D., 2023. "Cold climate air source heat pumps: Industry progress and thermodynamic analysis of market-available residential units," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).

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