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CFD Analysis of Port Water Injection in a GDI Engine under Incipient Knock Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Jacopo Zembi

    (Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy)

  • Michele Battistoni

    (Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy)

  • Francesco Ranuzzi

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

  • Nicolò Cavina

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

  • Matteo De Cesare

    (Magneti Marelli Powertrain, 40131 Bologna, Italy)

Abstract

This paper investigates, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the knock resistance improvements that can be obtained in a turbo-charged GDI engine with water injection. In a first step, water and gasoline injector models are validated comparing the results with experimental data from constant volume chamber tests. Then, multi-cycle simulations are performed using the G-equation turbulent combustion model focusing on spray evolution and wall film dynamics. The main intent is analyzing the effectiveness of different water injection timings and injection pressures in a port water injection (PWI) installation. Combustion rates are validated against experimental engine data, with and without water injection. Afterwards, in order to predict autoignition behavior with different spark advance (SA) timings, the extended coherent flamelet model (ECFM) combined with a tabulated kinetic ignition (TKI) dataset is used. End-gas autoignition delays are calculated using a reduced mechanism for toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF), which revealed essential for capturing actual gasoline ignition characteristics. Results indicate that the water atomization quality, i.e., injection pressure, is significant in a PWI installation allowing a reduction of the water wall film formation in the ports. Water injection timing needs also to be carefully chosen for optimized performance. As the injected water allows the SA to be increased, the overall benefits on indicated mean effective pressure and fuel consumption are quantified under the same knock safety margin, matching adequately well the available measurements.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacopo Zembi & Michele Battistoni & Francesco Ranuzzi & Nicolò Cavina & Matteo De Cesare, 2019. "CFD Analysis of Port Water Injection in a GDI Engine under Incipient Knock Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-22, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:18:p:3409-:d:263961
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bozza, Fabio & De Bellis, Vincenzo & Teodosio, Luigi, 2016. "Potentials of cooled EGR and water injection for knock resistance and fuel consumption improvements of gasoline engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 112-125.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thiago Rodrigo Vieira da Silva & Nilton Antonio Diniz Netto & Jeanine Costa Santos & Augusto Cesar Teixeira Malaquias & José Guilherme Coelho Baêta, 2022. "Development Procedure for Performance Estimation and Main Dimensions Calculation of a Highly-Boosted Ethanol Engine with Water Injection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-24, June.
    2. Stanislaw Szwaja & Michal Gruca & Michal Pyrc & Romualdas Juknelevičius, 2023. "Glycerol as an Anti-Knock Additive and Secondary Fuel as a Substitute for Gasoline-Based Fuels for the IC Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Federico Millo & Fabrizio Gullino & Luciano Rolando, 2020. "Methodological Approach for 1D Simulation of Port Water Injection for Knock Mitigation in a Turbocharged DISI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-21, August.
    4. Robert Keser & Alberto Ceschin & Michele Battistoni & Hong G. Im & Hrvoje Jasak, 2020. "Development of a Eulerian Multi-Fluid Solver for Dense Spray Applications in OpenFOAM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.

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