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Experimental Study of Matrix Permeability of Gas Shale: An Application to CO 2 -Based Shale Fracturing

Author

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  • Chengpeng Zhang

    (Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Building 60, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia)

  • Pathegama Gamage Ranjith

    (Deep Earth Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Building 60, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia)

Abstract

Because the limitations of water-based fracturing fluids restrict their fracturing efficiency and scope of application, liquid CO 2 is regarded as a promising substitute, owing to its unique characteristics, including its greater environmental friendliness, shorter clean-up time, greater adsorption capacity than CH 4 and less formation damage. Conversely, the disadvantage of high leak-off rate of CO 2 fracturing due to its very low viscosity determines its applicability in gas shales with ultra-low permeability, accurate measurement of shale permeability to CO 2 is therefore crucial to evaluate the appropriate injection rate and total consumption of CO 2 . The main purpose of this study is to accurately measure shale permeability to CO 2 flow during hydraulic fracturing, and to compare the leak-off of CO 2 and water fracturing. A series of permeability tests was conducted on cylindrical shale samples 38 mm in diameter and 19 mm long using water, CO 2 in different phases and N 2 considering multiple influencing factors. According to the experimental results, the apparent permeability of shale matrix to gaseous CO 2 or N 2 is greatly over-estimated compared with intrinsic permeability or that of liquid CO 2 due to the Klinkenberg effect. This phenomenon explains that the permeability values measured under steady-state conditions are much higher than those under transient conditions. Supercritical CO 2 with higher molecular kinetic energy has slightly higher permeability than liquid CO 2 . The leak-off rate of CO 2 is an order of magnitude higher than that of water under the same injection conditions due to its lower viscosity. The significant decrease of shale permeability to gas after water flooding is due to the water block effect, and much longer clean-up time and deep water imbibition depth greatly impede the gas transport from the shale matrix to the created fractures. Therefore, it is necessary to substitute water-based fracturing fluids with liquid or super-critical CO 2 in clay-abundant shale formations.

Suggested Citation

  • Chengpeng Zhang & Pathegama Gamage Ranjith, 2018. "Experimental Study of Matrix Permeability of Gas Shale: An Application to CO 2 -Based Shale Fracturing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:4:p:702-:d:137306
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Caramanna, Giorgio & Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes, 2014. "An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 426-443.
    2. De Silva, G.P.D. & Ranjith, P.G. & Perera, M.S.A. & Chen, B., 2016. "Effect of bedding planes, their orientation and clay depositions on effective re-injection of produced brine into clay rich deep sandstone formations: Implications for deep earth energy extraction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 24-40.
    3. Middleton, Richard S. & Carey, J. William & Currier, Robert P. & Hyman, Jeffrey D. & Kang, Qinjun & Karra, Satish & Jiménez-Martínez, Joaquín & Porter, Mark L. & Viswanathan, Hari S., 2015. "Shale gas and non-aqueous fracturing fluids: Opportunities and challenges for supercritical CO2," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 500-509.
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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Shahzad Kamal & Marwan Mohammed & Mohamed Mahmoud & Salaheldin Elkatatny, 2018. "Development of Chelating Agent-Based Polymeric Gel System for Hydraulic Fracturing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Xiangxiang Zhang & Jianguo Wang & Feng Gao & Xiaolin Wang, 2018. "Numerical Study of Fracture Network Evolution during Nitrogen Fracturing Processes in Shale Reservoirs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Arash Kamali-Asl & Mark D Zoback & Arjun H. Kohli, 2021. "Effects of Supercritical CO 2 on Matrix Permeability of Unconventional Formations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-29, February.

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