IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jecomi/v10y2022i7p153-d845361.html

Emerging Challenges in Technical Vocational Education and Training of Pakistan in the Context of CPEC

Author

Listed:
  • Naila Bano

    (School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Siliu Yang

    (School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

  • Easar Alam

    (School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

Abstract

Pakistan is a country with rich natural and human resources. The role of highly skilled people in national development has become enormously vital in the new developmental period, but it is also an irrefutable fact that the gap in highly skilled personnel in Pakistan is expanding. The organization of Technical Vocational Education and Training was introduced to prepare a skilled workforce for various industries and sectors in Pakistan; however, the 60% level of young, unskilled, and semi-skilled labor emerging from informal and non-formal sectors is largely attributed to the failure of Technical Vocational Education and Training to supply the country with its requirements for trained manpower for the economy and China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects. China and Pakistan launched historic projects such as CPEC as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which fostered economic cooperation and development between the two countries. This article will go through the overview and the course of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Pakistan. The major purpose of this study is to highlight that TVET in general, and CPEC in particular, are suffering from a lack of qualified personnel because of a variety of other reasons, such as outdated equipment, a lack of industry connectivity, inadequate skills, unemployment, and so on. The study is descriptive and exploratory in nature, and it employs a qualitative research method. The perspectives of the TVET challenges in Pakistan were researched using the data obtained from 500 student and staff respondents, including teachers, TVET workers, and TVET job holders. Some of the important findings include the fact that the current state of the TVET institutions is no doubt due to infrastructural issues and a lack of funding. In addition, TVET in Pakistan is marked by inadequate skills, a lack of industry connectivity, unemployment, insufficient teacher training, and a lack of female participation. In this study, recommendations were given based on the research analysis and research findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Naila Bano & Siliu Yang & Easar Alam, 2022. "Emerging Challenges in Technical Vocational Education and Training of Pakistan in the Context of CPEC," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:10:y:2022:i:7:p:153-:d:845361
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/10/7/153/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/10/7/153/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. A. R. Kemal, 2005. "Skill Development in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 44(4), pages 349-357.
    2. Qaiser Suleman & Ishtiaq Hussain, 2014. "Effects of Classroom Physical Environment on the Academic Achievement Scores of Secondary School Students in Kohat Division, Pakistan," International Journal of Learning and Development, Macrothink Institute, vol. 4(1), pages 71-82, March.
    3. Rashid Amjad, 2005. "Skills and Competitiveness: Can Pakistan Break Out of the Low-Level Skills Trap?," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 44(4), pages 387-409.
    4. Mello, Marcelo, 2008. "Skilled labor, unskilled labor, and economic growth," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 100(3), pages 428-431, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pu, Yue & Zeng, Xinyi & Chen, Tao, 2025. "Improving education levels of BRI participating economies: Evidence from the Education Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 94(PB).
    2. Faiza Zahid & Kalsoom Durrani & Dr. Saeedah Shah & Dr. Shakeel Ahmed & Dr. Bashir Muhammad, 2023. "Youth Unemployment and Social Stability: Investigating the Linkages and Possible Solutions in the Context of Pakistan," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 12(4), pages 477-484.
    3. Atuwene Peter & Dr Athman K. Ahmad & Dr James A. Nyangas, 2024. "Opinions for Enhancing Employment Pathways for VET Graduates: A Case Study of the Mechanics’ Trade Program in Lindi and Mtwara VETA Centres1," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(11), pages 3174-3184, November.
    4. Syed, Kazim & Türüç-Seraj, Fatma & Zihni-Eyüpoğlu, Şerife, 2025. "From instruction to impact: Unpacking the role of institutions and skills in youth livelihoods," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Asghar Ali & Iqbal Ahmad & M. Anees-ul-Husnain Shah, 2017. "Exploring Factors Influencing Employability ofVocational Training Graduates in Pakistan:A Factor Analysis," Global Regional Review, Humanity Only, vol. 2(1), pages 389-404, June.
    2. Muhammad Jamil & Ahmed Imran Hunjra & Babar Khalid, 2014. "Important Factors of Human Resource Development in Pakistan," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 3(1), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Makino, Momoe, 2012. "What motivates female operators to enter the garment industry in Pakistan in the post-MFA period?," IDE Discussion Papers 374, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    4. Sana Baig & Fareeha Javed & Aishah Siddiquah & Afifa Khanam, 2021. "A Content Analysis of English Textbook of Punjab Textbook Board of Grade 8 in Pakistan," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, June.
    5. Yang, Heewon & Hong, Chanyoung & Jung, Sungmoon & Lee, Jeong-Dong, 2015. "Arms or butter: The economic effect of an increase in military expenditure," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 596-615.
    6. Erick Wara & Peter JO Aloka & Benson Charles Odongo, 2018. "Relationship between Emotional Engagement and Academic Achievement among Kenyan Secondary School Students," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 7, March.
    7. Muhammad Kashif & Umair Altaf & Hafiz M. Ayub & Umer Asif & John C. Walsh, 2014. "Customer Satisfaction at Public Hospitals in Pakistan: PAKSERV Application," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 15(4), pages 677-693, December.
    8. Logedi Josephine Chahilu & Jebii Mary Chemagosi (PhD) & Lusweti Sellah (PhD), 2023. "Influence of Physical Resources on Learners’ Educational Outcomes in Public Pre-Primary Schools in Mombasa County, Kenya," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(4), pages 1154-1169, April.
    9. Hee-Won Yang & Chan-Young Hong & Seong-Mun Jeong & Jeong-Dong Lee, 2012. "The military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the case of the South Korea : The dynamic Computational Equilibrium model in an Endogeneous Growth Perspective," EcoMod2012 4264, EcoMod.
    10. Bushra Yasmin, 2009. "Trade Liberalization and the Lead Role of Human Capital and Job Attributes in Wage Determination: The Case of Pakistan’s Labor Market," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 14(1), pages 1-37, Jan-Jun.
    11. Bushra Yasmin & Aliya H. Khan, 2011. "Trade Openness: New Evidence for Labor-Demand Elasticity in Pakistan's Manufacturing Sector," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 16(2), pages 55-85, Jul-Dec.
    12. Ahad Hassan Afridi, 2016. "Human Capital and Economic Growth of Pakistan," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 8(1), pages 77-86, April.
    13. Ahmed Imran Hunjra & Muhammad Jamil & Babar Khalid, 2013. "Measuring the Validity of Self-Developed Instrument of Important Factors of Human Resource Development in Pakistan," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 2(1), pages 1-14, June.
    14. Matthew McCartney, 2014. "The Political Economy of Industrial Policy: A Comparative Study of the Textiles Industry in Pakistan," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 19(Special E), pages 105-134, September.
    15. Muhammad Irfan, 2010. "A Review of the Labour Market Research at PIDE 1957-2009," PIDE Books, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, number 2010:1 edited by Rashid Amjad & Aurangzeb A. Hashmi.
    16. Luis Orea & Antonio Alvarez, 2022. "Alternative specifications of human capital in production functions," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 11(4), pages 172-179.
    17. Bisma Laeeque & Asma Akmal, 2017. "Empirical Evidence of Color on Motivation toward Learning," International Journal of Learning and Development, Macrothink Institute, vol. 7(2), pages 1-17, June.
    18. Muhammad Ashfaq & Syeda Beenish Batool & Rabia Rasheed, 2022. "An Investigation of Secondary School Teachers’ Job Performance in Relation with Social Support and Work Engagement," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(3), pages 339-343, December.
    19. A. R. Kemal, 2005. "Skill Development in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 44(4), pages 349-357.
    20. Jalal Deen Careemdeen, 2023. "Examining the Nexus: Socioeconomic Status and Access to Educational Resources Among Secondary School Students in Sri Lanka," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(12), pages 716-726, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:10:y:2022:i:7:p:153-:d:845361. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.