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Balancing Tradition and Innovation: The Role of Environmental Conservation Agriculture in the Sustainability of the Ifugao Rice Terraces

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  • Keshav Lall Maharjan

    (International Economic Development Program, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan)

  • Clarisse Mendoza Gonzalvo

    (Department of Educational Communication, College of Development Communication, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
    Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Center, Ifugao State University, Nayon, Lamut 3605, Philippines)

  • Jude Cadingpal Baggo

    (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Center, Ifugao State University, Nayon, Lamut 3605, Philippines)

Abstract

This study investigates the continuation of Environmental Conservation Agriculture (ECA) practices among farmers in the Ifugao Rice Terraces, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in the Philippines. Through a cross-sectional survey of ECA farmers in the municipality of Banaue, this research explores the socio-demographic, environmental, and economic factors influencing the adoption and persistence of ECA. The findings reveal that while access to resources such as high-yielding seeds, modern farming equipment, and financial support is important for the adoption of ECA, the shift toward high-yielding varieties has contributed to a decline in the cultivation of Tinawon rice, which is vital for maintaining the ecological balance and cultural heritage of the terraces. This study underscores the importance of balancing modern agricultural practices with the continued cultivation of Tinawon rice to preserve biodiversity, soil health, and cultural identity, while also enhancing agricultural productivity. Additionally, the roles of community-based support systems, market access, and financial incentives are highlighted as key factors in sustaining ECA practices. Climate change presents both challenges and opportunities for adaptation, making it essential to integrate traditional knowledge with modern techniques to build resilience. Understanding the factors that shape ECA continuation is crucial for refining initiatives that address both the economic and cultural contexts. By emphasizing the importance of tailored, community-driven interventions, this study provides critical insights for enhancing ECA adoption in the Ifugao Rice Terraces, contributing to climate resilience and the long-term sustainability of this significant agricultural heritage system.

Suggested Citation

  • Keshav Lall Maharjan & Clarisse Mendoza Gonzalvo & Jude Cadingpal Baggo, 2025. "Balancing Tradition and Innovation: The Role of Environmental Conservation Agriculture in the Sustainability of the Ifugao Rice Terraces," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-22, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:3:p:246-:d:1574881
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sonja Brodt & Gail Feenstra & Robin Kozloff & Karen Klonsky & Laura Tourte, 2006. "Farmer-Community Connections and the Future of Ecological Agriculture in California," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 23(1), pages 75-88, March.
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    5. Keshav Lall Maharjan & Clarisse Mendoza Gonzalvo & Wilson Jr. Florendo Aala, 2022. "Drivers of Environmental Conservation Agriculture in Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-23, August.
    6. Keshav Lall Maharjan & Clarisse Mendoza Gonzalvo & Manjeshwori Singh, 2024. "Farmer Perspectives on the Economic, Environmental, and Social Sustainability of Environmental Conservation Agriculture (ECA) in Namobuddha Municipality, Kavre, Nepal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-18, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Keshav Lall Maharjan & Clarisse Mendoza Gonzalvo, 2025. "Examining Farmers’ Willingness to Learn Environmental Conservation Agriculture: Implications for Women Farmer Empowerment in Bagmati Province, Nepal," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-24, March.

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