Corporate Entrepreneurship and the Ownership Structure of Large Enterprises in Poland

Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and the capital structure of large enterprises operating in Poland. Specifically, the research examines how different forms of capital ownership (domestic, foreign, and mixed) influence the development of entrepreneurial orientation, leadership, strategic resource management, and entrepreneurial culture. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative, longitudinal approach was employed. Data were collected from 100 large Polish enterprises in two waves (2019 and 2022) using CATI and CAWI techniques. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to confirm the structure of corporate entrepreneurship dimensions, followed by non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc) to examine differences across capital structures. Findings: The findings reveal significant differences in the levels of selected corporate entrepreneurship dimensions based on capital origin. Firms with foreign or mixed capital scored significantly higher in entrepreneurial orientation, strategic resource management, and top management support than those with solely domestic capital. No significant variation was observed in entrepreneurial leadership, suggesting convergence in managerial practices across ownership types. Practical Implication: These insights provide valuable direction for corporate executives and policymakers. Domestically owned firms can benefit from adopting entrepreneurial practices commonly seen in foreign-invested enterprises, such as innovation support systems, strategic flexibility, and employee engagement initiatives. Public policy could also support entrepreneurship by incentivizing knowledge transfer and international collaboration. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the corporate entrepreneurship literature by identifying capital structure as a significant but underexplored determinant of entrepreneurial behavior in large firms. It emphasizes the role of foreign investment in enhancing innovation, adaptability, and strategic governance within organizations. The findings offer a foundation for comparative, cross-national, and sectoral research.