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The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales: Development and validation of measures of women’s empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and middle-income countries

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  • Sinharoy, Sheela S.
  • McManus, Shauna
  • Conrad, Amelia
  • Patrick, Madeleine
  • Caruso, Bethany A.

Abstract

Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure access to water and sanitation for all, and target 6.2 emphasizes “paying special attention to the needs of women and girls”. Research documenting how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions impact women’s and girls’ lives is growing. However, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the WASH sector. The objective of our study was to develop and validate survey instruments to measure sub-domains of women’s empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. We followed a multi-phased, theory-informed approach that included factor analysis and item response theory methods, as well as reliability and validity testing, to analyze cross-sectional data collected from women in two cities: Tiruchirappalli, India (N = 996) and Kampala, Uganda (N = 1,024). Through rigorous evaluation of conceptually grounded question (item) sets, we identify a set of valid, comprehensive scales. The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) scales represent 16 sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, each of which can be used alone or in combination with others, as needed. The ARISE scales are the only set of psychometrically validated metrics for the measurement of women’s empowerment in WASH. In addition to the scales, we provide six indices to assess women’s direct experiences with sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, as well as validated item sets related to menstruation, which are available as optional add-on measures for those who menstruate. The ARISE scales and associated survey modules respond to an established need for an increased focus on empowerment in WASH. We provide researchers and implementers with tools to measure sub-constructs of empowerment in a valid and reliable way, to generate data for better targeting, design, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to improve women’s empowerment in the context of urban sanitation at the program and policy level.

Suggested Citation

  • Sinharoy, Sheela S. & McManus, Shauna & Conrad, Amelia & Patrick, Madeleine & Caruso, Bethany A., 2023. "The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales: Development and validation of measures of women’s empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and mi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:164:y:2023:i:c:s0305750x23000013
    DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106183
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yount, Kathryn M. & Cheong, Yuk Fai & Maxwell, Lauren & Heckert, Jessica & Martinez, Elena M. & Seymour, Gregory, 2019. "Measurement properties of the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Dickin, Sarah & Bisung, Elijah & Nansi, Juste & Charles, Katrina, 2021. "Empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene index," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    3. Deepa Narayan, 2005. "Measuring Empowerment : Cross Disciplinary Perspectives," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7441, December.
    4. Narayanan, Sudha & Lentz, Erin & Fontana, Marzia & De, Anuradha & Kulkarni, Bharati, 2019. "Developing the Women's Empowerment in Nutrition Index in Two States of India," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    5. Naila Kabeer, 1999. "Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 30(3), pages 435-464, July.
    6. Sonalde Desai & Feinian Chen & Shilpa Reddy & Amy McLaughlin, 2022. "Measuring Women's Empowerment in the Global South," NCAER Working Papers 134, National Council of Applied Economic Research.
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