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What drives bicycle integration with urban rail transport? Findings from a stated preference and psychological factors analysis in Porto Alegre, Brazil

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  • Almeida, Bárbara Jansson
  • Larranaga, Ana Margarita
  • Lucchesi, Shanna Trichês
  • Arellana, Julián

Abstract

This study quantifies the factors influencing bicycle integration with urban rail transport using data collected through a Stated Preference (SP) survey conducted with urban rail users in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided the framework for incorporating psychological factors into the analysis. An Integrated Choice and Latent Variable model was estimated to jointly capture psychological factors and their influence on mode choice, combining a structural model with a discrete choice model. The results indicate that negative attitudes toward cycling exert the strongest negative effect on the intention to use bicycle–rail integration, while perceived behavioral control and subjective norms have significant positive effects. Including the intention to use a bicycle for integration as a latent variable in the choice model improved both the model's fit and its predictive accuracy. Among the SP attributes, bike lane availability, bicycle fare, and integration time (time required to park and access the station) had the greatest impact on the probability of choosing bicycle integration, with simulations indicating higher probabilities for access trips compared to egress trips. The results highlight the importance of enhancing cycling infrastructure, reducing integration times, and adopting fare policies that facilitate bicycle–urban rail integration. Such measures can strengthen multimodal connectivity and support strategies aimed at promoting sustainable and inclusive urban mobility.

Suggested Citation

  • Almeida, Bárbara Jansson & Larranaga, Ana Margarita & Lucchesi, Shanna Trichês & Arellana, Julián, 2026. "What drives bicycle integration with urban rail transport? Findings from a stated preference and psychological factors analysis in Porto Alegre, Brazil," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:176:y:2026:i:c:s0967070x25004664
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.103923
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