The FM radio switch-off and the need for sustainable and inclusive digital radio policy

This article examines the anticipated FM switch-off in Flanders (Belgium) as a case study to analyse the economic, social, and political interests shaping the transition to digital radio. Drawing on 32 semi-structured interviews with broadcasters, policymakers and other stakeholders, the study highlights how the costs and benefits of digitisation are unevenly distributed across different levels of the radio ecosystem. At the micro level, audiences face financial and practical barriers to adopting DAB+, with limited incentives to replace still-functioning FM devices. At the mezzo level, broadcasters express concern about declining audience reach, advertising revenues, and increased competition from international streaming services, while incumbents resist disruption to their entrenched market positions. At the macro level, digitisation promises benefits such as greater diversity and improved energy efficiency, but also raises risks of digital exclusion, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged and older listeners. The analysis demonstrates that a rapid FM switch-off could destabilize the broadcasting market and undermine universal access to radio services. The study concludes that a successful transition requires a negotiated policy process in which governments balance private and public interests, short- and long-term costs, and competing technological pathways. Rather than privileging DAB+ as the dominant successor to FM, policymakers should adopt a platform-neutral and future-proof regulatory framework that recognises the dynamic and uncertain nature of technological development.