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Energy in the urban water cycle: Actions to reduce the total expenditure of fossil fuels with emphasis on heat reclamation from urban water

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  • Elías-Maxil, J.A.
  • van der Hoek, Jan Peter
  • Hofman, Jan
  • Rietveld, Luuk

Abstract

In the urban water cycle, water supply, transportation, treatment and disposal are services that consume a considerable amount of energy. This paper reviews and summarizes state of the art measures applied in different parts of the world to reduce the energy consumption related to urban water. Based on a literature review, an overview of the energy balance in the urban water cycle in some regions of the world is presented. The balance shows that water heating is the largest energy expenditure with approximately 80% of the total primary energy demand in the residential sector of the cycle, while the remaining 20% of energy is spent by waterworks on pumping and treatment. Examples of measures to reduce the consumption of energy are presented according to a philosophy of actions in order to achieve energy efficient processes. The emphasis is on technologies and case studies to recover the energy from urban water, as well as some factors that influence the deployment of the technologies.

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  • Elías-Maxil, J.A. & van der Hoek, Jan Peter & Hofman, Jan & Rietveld, Luuk, 2014. "Energy in the urban water cycle: Actions to reduce the total expenditure of fossil fuels with emphasis on heat reclamation from urban water," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 808-820.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:30:y:2014:i:c:p:808-820
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.007
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    17. Tomasz Łokietek & Wojciech Tuchowski & Dorota Leciej-Pirczewska & Anna Głowacka, 2022. "Heat Recovery from a Wastewater Treatment Process—Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    18. Florian Kretschmer & Georg Neugebauer & Gernot Stoeglehner & Thomas Ertl, 2018. "Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-17, November.
    19. Märker, Carolin & Venghaus, Sandra & Hake, Jürgen-Friedrich, 2018. "Integrated governance for the food–energy–water nexus – The scope of action for institutional change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 290-300.
    20. Hubeck-Graudal, Helga & Kirstein, Jonas Kjeld & Ommen, Torben & Rygaard, Martin & Elmegaard, Brian, 2020. "Drinking water supply as low-temperature source in the district heating system: A case study for the city of Copenhagen," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    21. Lu, Shibao & Zhang, Xiaoling & Bao, Haijun & Skitmore, Martin, 2016. "Review of social water cycle research in a changing environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 132-140.
    22. De Pasquale, A.M. & Giostri, A. & Romano, M.C. & Chiesa, P. & Demeco, T. & Tani, S., 2017. "District heating by drinking water heat pump: Modelling and energy analysis of a case study in the city of Milan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 246-263.
    23. Bors, Julijana & O’Brien, Katherine R. & Kenway, Steven J. & Lant, Paul A., 2017. "Regional-scale variability of cold water temperature: Implications for household water-related energy demand," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 107-115.

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