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Mesoporous CaO-ZnO-Fe3O4 catalyzed biodiesel production from Papaver somniferum: RSM + lyrebird optimization and life-cycle cost analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Naveen Kumar, C.
  • Krishnamurthy, K.N.
  • Jayanna, Venkatesh Birur
  • Manjunath Patel, G.C.
  • Samuel, Olusegun D.
  • Linul, Emanoil

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable biofuels has driven intensified research into efficient, reusable catalysts and the utilization of non-edible, underexplored feedstocks. This study investigates biodiesel production from Papaver somniferum (poppy seed) oil using a novel mesoporous CaO-ZnO-Fe3O4 nanocatalyst synthesized through a solution combustion method. Comprehensive characterization techniques including, TEM, SEM, XRD, BET, FTIR, TGA/DTA, AFM, and EDX, confirmed the formation of a thermally stable, high-surface-area catalyst (69.37 m2/g). A two-step transesterification process was optimized using a hybrid approach combining Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Central Composite Design (CCD), and, for the first time in biodiesel research, the Lyrebird Optimization Algorithm (LOA), a bio-inspired metaheuristic model. Under optimal conditions (methanol-to-oil ratio of 21.5:1, 5 wt% catalyst, 63 °C, and 149.2 min), a 98% biodiesel yield was achieved. The catalyst retained 76.01% yield after seven reuse cycles, demonstrating strong magnetic recoverability. The final biodiesel product met ASTM standards, with a calorific value of 39,333.8 kJ/kg, a cetane number of 51, and an acid value of 0.392 mg KOH/g. This work introduces a novel ternary nanocatalyst and a pioneering AI-assisted optimization strategy, offering a promising pathway for scalable, eco-friendly biodiesel production from neglected feedstocks.

Suggested Citation

  • Naveen Kumar, C. & Krishnamurthy, K.N. & Jayanna, Venkatesh Birur & Manjunath Patel, G.C. & Samuel, Olusegun D. & Linul, Emanoil, 2026. "Mesoporous CaO-ZnO-Fe3O4 catalyzed biodiesel production from Papaver somniferum: RSM + lyrebird optimization and life-cycle cost analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:262:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126002533
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125428
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ananya Satapathy & Kankana Saikia & Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, 2023. "Biodiesel Production Using a Banana Peel Extract-Mediated Highly Basic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.
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