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A novel co-optimisation framework for integrated energy systems coupled with multiple demand-side technologies under carbon tax

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  • Wang, Meng
  • Tang, Yin
  • Guo, Haijin
  • Li, Chaoen
  • Yu, Hang
  • Jing, Rui

Abstract

Integrated energy systems (IESs) effectively boost energy efficiency and advance the development of climate-neutral cities. Further coupling IESs with demand-side management can reduce energy use and enhance system flexibility; however, most studies have focused only on modelling the energy supply technologies of IESs. Moreover, the potential benefits and impacts of incorporating demand-side solutions have been overlooked. This study proposes a co-optimisation framework that integrates multiple demand-side strategies with energy supply technologies into an IES design. This enables a detailed economic assessment of multi-level envelope upgrades and demand response through dynamic load shifting between daytime and nighttime. Envelope upgrades and demand response measures were co-optimised with the capacity configuration and operational scheduling of an IES under varying carbon tax levels. A case study of a residential community in Shanghai, China, indicated that co-optimisation can deliver up to 5.9 % better economic performance than models limited to supply-side optimisation or single demand-side strategies across varying carbon tax levels. Envelope upgrades and demand response strategies are mutually motivated, where increased demand response participation encourages advanced envelope upgrades. Additionally, higher carbon tax levels drive the adoption of advanced envelope strategies. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of cost-effective and flexible IES designs.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Meng & Tang, Yin & Guo, Haijin & Li, Chaoen & Yu, Hang & Jing, Rui, 2026. "A novel co-optimisation framework for integrated energy systems coupled with multiple demand-side technologies under carbon tax," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:257:y:2026:i:c:s0960148125024085
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124744
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