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Assessing the macro-environmental factors for waste-to-energy in Brazil: A comparative study with the USA, China, the EU, and India using PESTEL and panel data analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Melo dos Santos, Marcos Eduardo
  • Silveira, Brenda
  • Melo dos Santos, Hugo Leonardo
  • Maia, Fernando Joaquim Ferreira
  • Basso, Ana Paula
  • Costa, Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros

Abstract

This study investigates the macro-environmental factors influencing the Waste-to-Energy (WtE) sector in Brazil, offering a comparative analysis with the USA, China, the EU, and India. Recognising WtE's role within the circular economy, the research addresses Brazil's unique challenges in urban waste utilisation despite its significant renewable energy profile. Employing a mixed-method approach, including PESTEL and panel data analysis, the study assesses Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors across these regions to derive actionable public policy recommendations. Key findings reveal that Brazil, similar to emerging economies like India and China, possesses the potential to adopt favourable WtE policies irrespective of its economic status. While Brazil demonstrates a competitive advantage in agricultural waste valorisation, the study highlights a notable underdevelopment of biogas and biomethane strategies from municipal waste compared to international counterparts. The paper concludes by proposing specific public policy enhancements for Brazil, drawing vital insights from the compared nations' successful experiences and diverse landscapes to foster sustainable WtE development.

Suggested Citation

  • Melo dos Santos, Marcos Eduardo & Silveira, Brenda & Melo dos Santos, Hugo Leonardo & Maia, Fernando Joaquim Ferreira & Basso, Ana Paula & Costa, Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros, 2026. "Assessing the macro-environmental factors for waste-to-energy in Brazil: A comparative study with the USA, China, the EU, and India using PESTEL and panel data analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pf:s0960148125019755
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124311
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