Performance enhancement of photovoltaic panels via hybrid-integrated tracking algorithms

Solar energy is recognized as a sustainable and abundant renewable energy source (RES), with its potential maximized through advanced photovoltaic (PV) technologies and efficient power conversion systems. Solar tracking systems (STS) are employed to enhance PV energy conversion by dynamically adjusting panel orientation to maximize incident solar irradiance. Conventional dual-axis solar tracking systems (DASTS) demonstrate higher PV output power than fixed and single-axis configurations; however, challenges such as system complexity, tracking errors, misalignment, and elevated energy consumption necessitate further optimization. To address these limitations, this paper proposes novel hybrid-integrated tracking algorithms and assesses their impact on PV system performance, output power, and battery state-of-charge (SOC) retention. An innovative hybrid DASTS algorithm, incorporating continuous and semi-continuous tracking modes, is developed alongside a global positioning system (GPS)-integrated control algorithm. Both are validated through simulation and experimental analysis in the (Proteus 8 Professional) software environment, prior to implementation in a robotic tracking prototype. Data from the prototype is acquired via an advanced data logger, and power generation metrics are analyzed. Experimental results reveal that, compared to a fixed PV panel set at optimal azimuth and tilt angles, the conventional DASTS increases power output by 54.36%, with an 18.12% reduction in battery SOC. Further improvements are achieved with the hybrid algorithms: continuous and semi-continuous tracking modes enhance power output by 38.69% and 21.54%, respectively, while the GPS-based algorithm yields a 27% increase. Corresponding reductions in battery SOC are 19.29%, 16.39%, and 15.21%, respectively. Additionally, tracking loss analysis at 10:00 AM indicates that the GPS-integrated algorithm maintains stable power delivery with minimal fluctuation. Mechanical counterweights further reduce energy consumption by 15% across all tracking modes. The comparative analysis confirms that dynamic solar tracking significantly enhances PV energy harvesting, while hybrid and GPS-integrated control strategies improve system output power, power stability, and overall reliability.