IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v242y2025ics0960148125001235.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comparative study on the thermal performance of the battery two-phase direct CO2 cooling system with parallel and half-series configuration for electric vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Fang, Jianmin
  • Yin, Xiang
  • Guan, Jiajia
  • Han, Xu
  • Jia, Fan
  • Chen, Bin
  • Cao, Feng
  • Wang, Xiaolin

Abstract

Two-phase direct cooling is one of the most effective methods for battery thermal management in electric vehicles, but cooling results are strongly affected by the vapor quality state, even generating thermal runaway. This paper aims to reveal the system and battery cooling performance for two systems' configuration, which is the parallel and half-series of the battery sink with the cabin evaporator. The cooling performance sensitivity to the valve control was first studied. Then the two systems were compared under different ambient temperature, supply air temperature and battery heat power, to fully evaluate the battery cooling uniformity and comprehensive system performance. The battery performance including vapor quality and temperature along the flow direction was mainly analyzed. And the refrigerant flow nonuniformity at battery was varied to discuss the battery performance and its probability of thermal runaway. The results showed half-series configuration benefited little to COP and much to battery cooling performance compared with the parallel configuration. The superheat degree decreasing at cabin evaporator exit hardly deteriorate the battery cooling performance in the half-series configuration, which proved the control simplicity and reliability. Thus, the results could provide positive reference to estimate the novel system's ability against the thermal runaway under complicated environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Fang, Jianmin & Yin, Xiang & Guan, Jiajia & Han, Xu & Jia, Fan & Chen, Bin & Cao, Feng & Wang, Xiaolin, 2025. "Comparative study on the thermal performance of the battery two-phase direct CO2 cooling system with parallel and half-series configuration for electric vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:242:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125001235
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.122461
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125001235
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.122461?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wu, Yan & Aziz, Syed Mahfuzul & Haque, Mohammed H., 2023. "Techno-economic modelling for energy cost minimisation of a university campus to support electric vehicle charging with photovoltaic capacity optimisation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    2. Luo, Ding & Zhao, Ye & Cao, Jin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Zhao, Yulong & Cao, Bingyang, 2024. "Performance analysis of a novel thermoelectric-based battery thermal management system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    3. Chen, Siqi & Wei, Xuezhe & Zhu, Zhehui & Wu, Hang & Ou, Yuxin & Zhang, Guangxu & Wang, Xueyuan & Zhu, Jiangong & Feng, Xuning & Dai, Haifeng & Ouyang, Minggao, 2024. "Thermal runaway front propagation characteristics, modeling and judging criteria for multi-jelly roll prismatic lithium-ion battery applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    4. Gass, V. & Schmidt, J. & Schmid, E., 2014. "Analysis of alternative policy instruments to promote electric vehicles in Austria," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 96-101.
    5. Mali, Vima & Saxena, Rajat & Kumar, Kundan & Kalam, Abul & Tripathi, Brijesh, 2021. "Review on battery thermal management systems for energy-efficient electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    6. Shah, Talha Hussain & Shabbir, Altamash & Waqas, Adeel & Janjua, Abdul Kashif & Shahzad, Nadia & Pervaiz, Hina & Shakir, Sehar, 2023. "Techno-economic appraisal of electric vehicle charging stations integrated with on-grid photovoltaics on existing fuel stations: A multicity study framework," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 133-144.
    7. Liu, Huaqiang & Gao, Xiangcheng & Zhao, Jiyun & Yu, Minghao & Niu, Dong & Ji, Yulong, 2022. "Liquid-based battery thermal management system performance improvement with intersected serpentine channels," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 640-652.
    8. Wen, Jianping & Zhao, Dan & Zhang, Chuanwei, 2020. "An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1629-1648.
    9. Yu, Dongmin & Huang, Wenzuo & Wan, Ximing & Fan, Siyuan & Sun, Tianyi, 2024. "Optimization of simultaneous utilization of air and water flow in a hybrid cooling system for thermal management of a lithium-ion battery pack," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    10. Li, Xiaolin & Wang, Jun & Wu, Zhiwei & Cao, Wenxiang & Zhang, Xuesong, 2024. "An energy saving strategy on the composite phase change material and spiral liquid cooling channel for battery thermal management," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    11. Wang, Anci & Yin, Xiang & Xin, Zhicheng & Cao, Feng & Wu, Zan & Sundén, Bengt & Xiao, Di, 2023. "Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    12. Saisorn, Sira & Wongwises, Somchai, 2008. "A review of two-phase gas-liquid adiabatic flow characteristics in micro-channels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 824-838, April.
    13. Maldonado, Josué & Jain, Apollo & Castellanos, Sergio, 2024. "Assessing the impact of electric vehicles in Mexico’s electricity sector and supporting policies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Suresh, C. & Awasthi, Abhishek & Kumar, Binit & Im, Seong-kyun & Jeon, Yongseok, 2025. "Advances in battery thermal management for electric vehicles: A comprehensive review of hybrid PCM-metal foam and immersion cooling technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    2. Fu, Jianqin & Li, Hao & Sun, Xilei & He, Tingpu & Zhang, Guanjie & Wei, Changhe, 2025. "Multi-physics simulation modeling and energy flow characterization of thermal management system for a sport utility vehicle under high-temperature conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    3. Jun Chen & Wanli Xu & Hao Tian & Yichao Cao & Jincheng Gu & Haijun Zhou & Yong Jin, 2025. "Review on Lithium-Ion Battery Heat Dissipation Based on Microchannel–PCM Coupling Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-16, January.
    4. Wang, Libiao & Zuo, Hongyan & Zhang, Bin & Jia, Guohai, 2025. "Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide cooling on heat dissipation performance enhancement of a prismatic LiFePO4 battery pack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    5. Chen, Jie & Wang, Ruochen & Ding, Renkai & Luo, Ding, 2024. "Matching design and numerical optimization of automotive thermoelectric generator system applied to range-extended electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 370(C).
    6. Mónica Meireles & Margarita Robaina & Daniel Magueta, 2021. "The Effectiveness of Environmental Taxes in Reducing CO 2 Emissions in Passenger Vehicles: The Case of Mediterranean Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-13, May.
    7. Faghihian, Hamed & Sargolzaei, Arman, 2025. "A novel energy-efficient automated regenerative braking system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 390(C).
    8. Raslavičius, Laurencas & Azzopardi, Brian & Keršys, Artūras & Starevičius, Martynas & Bazaras, Žilvinas & Makaras, Rolandas, 2015. "Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 786-800.
    9. Gharehghani, Ayat & Rabiei, Moeed & Mehranfar, Sadegh & Saeedipour, Soheil & Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & García, Antonio & Reche, Carlos Mico, 2024. "Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    10. Hong, Jichao & Li, Kerui & Liang, Fengwei & Yang, Haixu & Zhang, Chi & Yang, Qianqian & Wang, Jiegang, 2024. "A novel state of health prediction method for battery system in real-world vehicles based on gated recurrent unit neural networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    11. Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, Kang Miao & Mithulananthan, N., 2015. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 365-385.
    12. Makena Coffman & Paul Bernstein & Sherilyn Wee, 2017. "Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(1), pages 79-93, January.
    13. Jiadian Wang & Dongyang Lv & Haonan Sha & Chenguang Lai & Junxiong Zeng & Tieyu Gao & Hao Yang & Hang Wu & Yanjun Jiang, 2024. "Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Performance of a Battery Pack by Adding Ribs in Cooling Channels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-24, September.
    14. Li, Jing & Zuo, Wei & E, Jiaqiang & Zhang, Yuntian & Li, Qingqing & Sun, Ke & Zhou, Kun & Zhang, Guangde, 2022. "Multi-objective optimization of mini U-channel cold plate with SiO2 nanofluid by RSM and NSGA-II," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    15. Lin, Xiang-Wei & Li, Yu-Bai & Wu, Wei-Tao & Zhou, Zhi-Fu & Chen, Bin, 2024. "Advances on two-phase heat transfer for lithium-ion battery thermal management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    16. Wen, Jianping & Chen, Xing & Li, Xianghe & Li, Yikun, 2022. "SOH prediction of lithium battery based on IC curve feature and BP neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    17. Coffman, Makena & Bernstein, Paul & Wee, Sherilyn, 2017. "Integrating electric vehicles and residential solar PV," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 30-38.
    18. Luo, Ding & Zhang, Haokang & Cao, Jin & Yan, Yuyin & Cao, Bingyang, 2024. "Numerical investigation and optimization of a hexagonal thermoelectric generator with diverging fins for exhaust waste heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    19. Kantapich Preedakorn & David Butler & Jörn Mehnen, 2023. "Challenges for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Thailand: Potential Impacts, Barriers, and Public Policy Recommendations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-21, June.
    20. Luo, Ding & Wu, Zihao & Zhang, Ziye & Chen, Hao & Geng, Limin & Ji, Zhenhua & Zhang, Wenbo & Zhang, Peng, 2025. "Transient thermal analysis of a thermoelectric-based battery thermal management system at high temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:242:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125001235. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.