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Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system

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  • Wang, Anci
  • Yin, Xiang
  • Xin, Zhicheng
  • Cao, Feng
  • Wu, Zan
  • Sundén, Bengt
  • Xiao, Di

Abstract

Thermal management of electric vehicles, especially battery thermal management, is critical to driving range and operational safety. To find a vehicle thermal management system with higher energy efficiency and environmental protection, an environmentally-friendly and efficient battery and cabin parallel cooling thermal management system was evaluated with CO2 as the working fluid. First, different control strategies of the evaporation temperature were compared regarding the battery cooling performance. Then, the effect of the battery cooling evaporation temperature on the coefficient of performance (COP) was explored. It was found that the maximum COP increased by 8.38% as the evaporation temperature decreased from 17 to 5.8 °C. Besides, it was found that the optimal battery cooling evaporation temperature range is 10.2–11 °C when the battery heating power is 0.4 kW. The vapor quality at the cold plate outlet should be lower than 0.95. Finally, the battery cooling performance under variable operating conditions was investigated. The influence of operating parameters on the battery cooling evaporation temperature and CO2 outlet vapor quality was also analyzed. Simulation results showed that the optimum evaporation temperature range varied significantly under different working conditions. The vapor quality at the cold plate outlet decreased slightly with the evaporation temperature.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Anci & Yin, Xiang & Xin, Zhicheng & Cao, Feng & Wu, Zan & Sundén, Bengt & Xiao, Di, 2023. "Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:266:y:2023:i:c:s0360544222033412
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.126455
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Pengfei & Chen, Haipeng & Yang, Kangbo & Lu, Yiji & Huang, Yuqi, 2024. "Accelerated computational strategies for multi-scale thermal runaway prediction models in Li-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    2. Lu, Jingchao & Zhuang, Dawei & Ding, Guoliang & Li, Guang & Wang, Yueming, 2024. "A distributed parameter model of refrigerant-cooled multi-channel evaporator for battery thermal management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    3. Yetik, Ozge & Morali, Ugur & Karakoc, Tahir Hikmet, 2023. "A numerical study of thermal management of lithium-ion battery with nanofluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    4. Fang, Jianmin & Yin, Xiang & Guan, Jiajia & Han, Xu & Jia, Fan & Chen, Bin & Cao, Feng & Wang, Xiaolin, 2025. "Comparative study on the thermal performance of the battery two-phase direct CO2 cooling system with parallel and half-series configuration for electric vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    5. Fu, Jianqin & Li, Hao & Sun, Xilei & He, Tingpu & Zhang, Guanjie & Wei, Changhe, 2025. "Multi-physics simulation modeling and energy flow characterization of thermal management system for a sport utility vehicle under high-temperature conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    6. Jiang, Ziqi & Tian, Yafen & Li, Kang & Zhao, Zhaorui & Liu, Ni & Zhang, Hua, 2024. "Research on refrigerant charge determination under different compressor speed and its effects on the performance of transcritical CO2 air-conditioning heat pump system in electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    7. Zhou, Yuankun & Liu, Zhixiang & Ruan, Yijia & Tian, Yafen & Li, Kang & Zhang, Hua, 2026. "Optimization on control strategy for CO2-based dual-cooling thermal management system in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    8. Wang, Anci & Zhou, Jianhong & Li, Qiang & Jia, Fan & Hu, Dinghua & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng, 2025. "Performance evaluation of steady-state and dynamic response for innovative configurations of EV cabin and battery coupled thermal management based on transcritical CO2 cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).

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