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Non-isothermal in-situ (trans)esterification of lipids in pre-functionalized and lipid-dense post-hydrolysis spent coffee grounds with subcritical methanol at low subcritical condition

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  • Quijote, Kristelle L.
  • Go, Alchris Woo
  • Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa
  • Santoso, Shella Permatasari
  • Gunarto, Chintya
  • Zullaikah, Siti

Abstract

Pre-functionalized lipid-dense post-hydrolyzed spent coffee grounds (PHSCG) were used as feedstock for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. The lipids in PHSCG were converted to FAME via non-isothermal in-situ (trans)esterification (ISTE). The conversion was achieved with methanol under subcritical conditions. This study investigates the influence of reactor loading (RL), solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR), temperature, and holding time. High FAME yield of ∼21 g/100g PHSCG can be achieved in about 1 h. Both extractable and bound fatty acids (FA) were converted to FAME. The apparent conversion (∼107%) or yield may exceed the expected extractable FA when using pre-functionalized and lipid-dense PHSCG without needing an additional catalyst. Under favorable conditions of 85% RL, 6 mL/g SSR, and reacted non-isothermally to 125 °C (∼0.8 MPa), a minimum conversion of ∼98% could be achieved depending on the PHSCG's characteristics. The residual acid sites in the post-ISTE residues recovered after ISTE still exhibited catalytic activity when used as a catalyst during the esterification of oleic acid with methanol. The catalytic activity of the residues was evaluated by reusing them for up to 7 cycles. Elemental analysis and FT-IR peak identification supported the presence of sulfonic acid sites providing the catalytic activity of PHSCG and its residues.

Suggested Citation

  • Quijote, Kristelle L. & Go, Alchris Woo & Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa & Santoso, Shella Permatasari & Gunarto, Chintya & Zullaikah, Siti, 2023. "Non-isothermal in-situ (trans)esterification of lipids in pre-functionalized and lipid-dense post-hydrolysis spent coffee grounds with subcritical methanol at low subcritical condition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 111-124.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:206:y:2023:i:c:p:111-124
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.045
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xiong, Yi-Wei & Go, Alchris Woo & Alivio, Roxanne Kathlyn O. & Santoso, Shella Permatasari & Angkawijaya, Artik Elisa & Soetaredjo, Felycia Edi & Agapay, Ramelito C., 2022. "Non-isothermal (trans)esterification of linoleic acid and soybean oil deodorizer distillate with methanol under subcritical conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 528-544.
    2. Go, Alchris Woo & Sutanto, Sylviana & Ong, Lu Ki & Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan & Ismadji, Suryadi & Ju, Yi-Hsu, 2016. "Developments in in-situ (trans) esterification for biodiesel production: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 284-305.
    3. Ngaosuwan, Kanokwan & Goodwin, James G. & Prasertdham, Piyasan, 2016. "A green sulfonated carbon-based catalyst derived from coffee residue for esterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 262-269.
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