IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reensy/v268y2026ics0951832025010737.html

Pre- and Post-Disaster Resilience Optimization of PV-Dense Grids through Hydrogen-Backed EV Infrastructure under Cyber/Physical and Economic Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Deng, Xiaojun
  • Pei, Xudong
  • Deng, Jie

Abstract

In recent years, the frequency and intensity of natural disasters have significantly increased, posing substantial threats to power grids and jeopardizing the reliability and resilience of electricity supply. Moreover, the digitalization of smart grids introduces new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks, which can further compromise system reliability. The rapid integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen systems, together with significant photovoltaic (PV) deployment, presents novel prospects for improving distribution grid reliability and resilience under both cyber and physical disasters. This study introduces a pre- and post-disaster bi-level resilience optimization framework for coordinating electric vehicle intelligent parking lots (EVIPLs) with hydrogen-backed refueling infrastructure in distribution systems. The framework simulates a competitive interaction between the distribution company and hydrogen-equipped EVIPLs to optimize energy dispatch, with explicit resilience constraints ensuring robust grid operation under stochastic natural disturbances and cyber-physical threats. Furthermore, cyber vulnerabilities are modeled through applying common attacks in smart distribution systems, which distort critical system data such as PV output forecasts and state-of-charge measurements. Risk from both physical and cyber uncertainties is managed using a conditional value-at-risk framework, which enables risk-averse decision-making by minimizing the expected cost in extreme scenarios. The primary bi-level model is converted into a tractable linear single-level formulation using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and the strong duality theorem. A resilience index is proposed to quantify the system's ability to withstand and recover from disruptions. Numerical studies demonstrate that the inclusion of hydrogen-equipped EVIPLs reduces operational costs by approximately 33% and enhances system resilience by more than 300%.

Suggested Citation

  • Deng, Xiaojun & Pei, Xudong & Deng, Jie, 2026. "Pre- and Post-Disaster Resilience Optimization of PV-Dense Grids through Hydrogen-Backed EV Infrastructure under Cyber/Physical and Economic Risks," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:268:y:2026:i:c:s0951832025010737
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2025.111873
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832025010737
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111873?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jodeiri-Seyedian, Seyed-Sadra & Veysi, Mohammad, 2025. "Microgrid-level reliability assessment of mid-term electricity provision under intermittency of renewable distributed generation: A probabilistic conditional value at risk modeling," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    2. Mei, Haozhou & Wu, Qiong & Ren, Hongbo & Zhang, Jinli & Li, Qifen, 2025. "Optimization of electric vehicle charging station layout considering the improvement of distribution network resilience under extreme disasters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    3. Pang, Xinfu & Fang, Xiang & Yu, Yang & Zheng, Zedong & Li, Haibo, 2025. "Optimal scheduling method for electric vehicle charging and discharging via Q-learning-based particle swarm optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    4. Wang, Hongping & Fang, Yi-Ping & Zio, Enrico, 2022. "Resilience-oriented optimal post-disruption reconfiguration for coupled traffic-power systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    5. Song, Jianzhao & Wang, Na & Zhang, Zhong & Wu, Hao & Ding, Yi & Pan, Qingze & Pan, Xingzuo & Shui, Siyuan & Chen, Haipeng, 2025. "Fuzzy optimal scheduling of hydrogen-integrated energy systems with uncertainties of renewable generation considering hydrogen equipment under multiple conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 393(C).
    6. Yin, Zhaoyuan & Fang, Chao & Fang, Yiping & Xie, Min, 2025. "A variational Bayesian deep reinforcement learning approach for resilient post-disruption recovery of distribution grids," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 257(PA).
    7. Lu, Tianguang & Yi, Xinning & Li, Jing & Wu, Shaocong, 2025. "Collaborative planning of integrated hydrogen energy chain multi-energy systems: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 393(C).
    8. Zeynali, Saeed & Nasiri, Nima & Marzband, Mousa & Ravadanegh, Sajad Najafi, 2021. "A hybrid robust-stochastic framework for strategic scheduling of integrated wind farm and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle fleets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    9. Wei, Tianxi & Zhang, Yi & Zhang, Yuhang & Miao, Rui & Kang, Jian & Qi, He, 2024. "City-scale roof-top photovoltaic deployment planning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).
    10. Abbasizadeh, Ali & Azad-Farsani, Ehsan, 2024. "Cyber-constrained load shedding for smart grid resilience enhancement," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    11. Huang, Zongsheng & Wang, Zixuan, 2025. "Assessing the robustness of physical networks under attack uncertainty," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    12. Pang, Xinfu & Wang, Xinyuan & Yu, Yang & Jiang, He & Zheng, Zedong, 2025. "Optimal scheduling for electric vehicle charging and discharging via double Q-learning-based multi-objective particle swarm optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    13. Faria, Victor A.D. & Rodrigo de Queiroz, Anderson & DeCarolis, Joseph F., 2023. "Scenario generation and risk-averse stochastic portfolio optimization applied to offshore renewable energy technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    14. Zhang, Chen & Li, Yan-Fu & Zhang, Hanxiao & Wang, Yujin & Huang, Yuelong & Xu, Jianyu, 2024. "Distributionally robust resilience optimization of post-disaster power system considering multiple uncertainties," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    15. Wang, Yang & Chen, Song & Yang, Mengling & Liao, Peng & Xiao, Xianyong & Xie, Xiaorong & Li, Yunwei, 2025. "Low-frequency oscillation in power grids with virtual synchronous generators: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    16. Zhao, Tianxiang & Tu, Haicheng & Jin, Rui & Xia, Yongxiang & Wang, Fangfang, 2024. "Improving resilience of cyber–physical power systems against cyber attacks through strategic energy storage deployment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    17. Tang, Yutao & He, Kai & Shu, Hongchun & Wang, Ke & Lou, Weijie & Qin, Zhong & Han, Yiming & Dai, Yue, 2025. "Reliability and safety assessment of distribution networks in mountainous plateau areas subject to low-amplitude lightning," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 264(PA).
    18. Xiong, Binyu & Wei, Feng & Wang, Yifei & Xia, Kairui & Su, Fuwen & Fang, Yingjia & Gao, Zuchang & Wei, Zhongbao, 2024. "Hybrid robust-stochastic optimal scheduling for multi-objective home energy management with the consideration of uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    19. Moghadasi, Negin & Collier, Zachary A. & Koch, Andrew & Slutzky, David L. & Polmateer, Thomas L. & Manasco, Mark C. & Lambert, James H., 2022. "Trust and security of electric vehicle-to-grid systems and hardware supply chains," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    20. Wang, Feng & Tian, Jin & Shi, Chenli & Ling, Jiamu & Chen, Zian & Xu, Zhengguo, 2024. "A multi-stage quantitative resilience analysis and optimization framework considering dynamic decisions for urban infrastructure systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    21. Vahid-Ghavidel, Morteza & Shafie-khah, Miadreza & Javadi, Mohammad S. & Santos, Sérgio F. & Gough, Matthew & Quijano, Darwin A. & Catalao, Joao P.S., 2023. "Hybrid IGDT-stochastic self-scheduling of a distributed energy resources aggregator in a multi-energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    22. Shi, Yan & Zhao, Qinggang & Jiao, Ling, 2024. "Optimum exploitation of multiple energy system using IGDT approach and risk aversion strategy and considering compressed air storage with solar energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    23. Wang, Jiangjiang & Zhao, Lei & Lu, Hao & Wei, Changqi, 2024. "Multi-objective stochastic-robust based selection-allocation-operation cooperative optimization of rural integrated energy systems considering supply-demand multiple uncertainties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    24. He, Liange & Mo, Haijun & Zhang, Yan & Wu, Limin & Tang, Jinwang, 2025. "Adaptive energy management strategy for Extended Range Electric Vehicles under complex road conditions based on RF-IGWO and MGO algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ma, Su & Liu, Lu & Cheng, Haozhong & Zhang, Xiaohu & Xu, Ling & Lou, Wei, 2025. "Unlocking the potential of hydrogen refueling stations and phase shifters for power system resilience: a decentralised methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    2. Mei, Haozhou & Wu, Qiong & Ren, Hongbo & Li, Qifen & Gao, Weijun, 2025. "Research status and prospects of regional distribution grid resilience enhancement methods taking into account electrified transportation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    3. Zhang, Wei & Cao, Xiangli & Li, Chengjiang & Qin, Quande & Yang, Jing & Li, Wenbo, 2025. "Study on V2G potential of electric taxis based on map-matching multi-objective optimization," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    4. Su, Kehan & Yang, Chao & Shao, Yuhao & Jiang, Dalin & Zhou, Can & Wang, Lijie & Liu, Dazheng & Zhu, Peiqi & Ding, Yi & Zheng, Chenghang & Gao, Xiang, 2025. "Accelerating multi-energy system online optimization via integer state variable prediction with operation strategy learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    5. Adewuyi, Oludamilare Bode & Aki, Hirohisa, 2024. "Optimal planning for high renewable energy integration considering demand response, uncertainties, and operational performance flexibility," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    6. Liang, Yunyang & Pu, Yang & Yu, Mengmeng & Li, Yi-Chang & Jiang, Min & Cui, Lijie & Xiong, Xiaoqin & Jin, Zhong, 2025. "A dual carbon reward mechanism for electric vehicle charging scheduling based on multi-level Stackelberg game," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    7. Wang, Shixin & Lu, Qing-Chang & Liu, Liping & Xu, Peng-Cheng & Wang, Rundong & Zhang, Lei, 2026. "Interdependency analysis of coupled power and transportation networks considering the charging decision preferences of EV drivers," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    8. Pirouz, Behzad & Guerriero, Francesca, 2026. "Multi-objective stochastic optimization problem: a systematic literature review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 405(C).
    9. Salem, O.H. & Hassan, Hamdy, 2026. "A comprehensive review on mainly hydrogen production based on waste heat recovery for single and multigeneration energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 402(PB).
    10. Li, Gengfeng & Zhang, Dingmao & Bie, Zhaohong, 2026. "An analytical method for reliability and resilience evaluation of power distribution systems with mobile power sources," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 267(PB).
    11. Song, Yingjie & Ngoduy, Dong & Ding, Chuan, 2026. "Coordinated emergency resource allocation for resilience enhancement in post-disaster electrified transportation networks," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    12. Moayyed, Hamed & Moradzadeh, Arash & Abdeltawab, Hussein & Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Behnam & Faria, Pedro & Muyeen, S.M. & Vale, Zita, 2026. "Innovative defense strategies: Fusion deep learning approach to counter false data injection attacks in power systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    13. Zhao, Zhipeng & Wang, Qibao & Cheng, Chuntian & Kang, Yongxi, 2025. "A scenario-based multi-agent reinforcement learning approach for efficient solving to long-term optimization of cascade hydropower reservoirs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    14. Tang, Hao & Tang, Daogui & Diaz-Londono, Cesar & Agundis Tinajero, Gibran David & Zio, Enrico, 2026. "Coordinated multi-energy and vehicle-to-grid strategies for enhancing port operational resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 267(PA).
    15. Hao, Yucheng & Jia, Limin & Zio, Enrico & Wang, Yanhui & Small, Michael & Li, Man, 2023. "Improving resilience of high-speed train by optimizing repair strategies," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    16. Tang, Daogui & Fang, Yi-Ping & Zio, Enrico, 2023. "Vulnerability analysis of demand-response with renewable energy integration in smart grids to cyber attacks and online detection methods," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    17. Li, Chunhong & Jia, Bin & Wang, Weiping & Gao, Jianxi & Solé-Ribalta, Albert & Borge-Holthoefer, Javier, 2026. "From flood-prone to flood-ready: The restoration-adaptation interplay in building resilient multimodal transport networks," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 266(PB).
    18. Zhang, Yuhao & Lu, Tianguang & Zhang, Li & Mei, Yansong & Guo, Yu & Wu, Shaocong & Wu, Qinzheng & Xu, Yingdong, 2026. "Low-carbon optimal dispatching of rural multi-energy microgrid system based on multi-energy conversion and agricultural load demands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    19. Crespo, Luis G. & Stanford, Bret K. & Alexandrov, Natalia, 2026. "A data-driven approach to risk-aware robust design," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 265(PB).
    20. Sun, Xiaojun & Lin, Sheng & Feng, Ding & Zhang, Qiang, 2024. "Post-disaster repair optimization method for traction power supply system of electrified railways based on train operation loss," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:268:y:2026:i:c:s0951832025010737. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/reliability-engineering-and-system-safety .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.