IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/phsmap/v466y2017icp249-258.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Evolution of Linux operating system network

Author

Listed:
  • Xiao, Guanping
  • Zheng, Zheng
  • Wang, Haoqin

Abstract

Linux operating system (LOS) is a sophisticated man-made system and one of the most ubiquitous operating systems. However, there is little research on the structure and functionality evolution of LOS from the prospective of networks. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the LOS network. 62 major releases of LOS ranging from versions 1.0 to 4.1 are modeled as directed networks in which functions are denoted by nodes and function calls are denoted by edges. It is found that the size of the LOS network grows almost linearly, while clustering coefficient monotonically decays. The degree distributions are almost the same: the out-degree follows an exponential distribution while both in-degree and undirected degree follow power-law distributions. We further explore the functionality evolution of the LOS network. It is observed that the evolution of functional modules is shown as a sequence of seven events (changes) succeeding each other, including continuing, growth, contraction, birth, splitting, death and merging events. By means of a statistical analysis of these events in the top 4 largest components (i.e., arch, drivers, fs and net), it is shown that continuing, growth and contraction events occupy more than 95% events. Our work exemplifies a better understanding and describing of the dynamics of LOS evolution.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao, Guanping & Zheng, Zheng & Wang, Haoqin, 2017. "Evolution of Linux operating system network," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 466(C), pages 249-258.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:phsmap:v:466:y:2017:i:c:p:249-258
    DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.09.021
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437116306379
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only. Journal offers the option of making the article available online on Science direct for a fee of $3,000

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.physa.2016.09.021?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hertel, Guido & Niedner, Sven & Herrmann, Stefanie, 2003. "Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(7), pages 1159-1177, July.
    2. Wang, Haoqin & Chen, Zhen & Xiao, Guanping & Zheng, Zheng, 2016. "Network of networks in Linux operating system," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 447(C), pages 520-526.
    3. Gao, Yichao & Zheng, Zheng & Qin, Fangyun, 2014. "Analysis of Linux kernel as a complex network," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 246-252.
    4. Du, Wen-Bo & Zhou, Xing-Lian & Lordan, Oriol & Wang, Zhen & Zhao, Chen & Zhu, Yan-Bo, 2016. "Analysis of the Chinese Airline Network as multi-layer networks," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 108-116.
    5. Yang-Yu Liu & Jean-Jacques Slotine & Albert-László Barabási, 2011. "Controllability of complex networks," Nature, Nature, vol. 473(7346), pages 167-173, May.
    6. Crucitti, Paolo & Latora, Vito & Marchiori, Massimo, 2004. "A topological analysis of the Italian electric power grid," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 338(1), pages 92-97.
    7. Du, Wen-Bo & Gao, Yang & Liu, Chen & Zheng, Zheng & Wang, Zhen, 2015. "Adequate is better: particle swarm optimization with limited-information," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 268(C), pages 832-838.
    8. Pagani, Giuliano Andrea & Aiello, Marco, 2013. "The Power Grid as a complex network: A survey," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(11), pages 2688-2700.
    9. Zheng, Xiaolong & Zeng, Daniel & Li, Huiqian & Wang, Feiyue, 2008. "Analyzing open-source software systems as complex networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(24), pages 6190-6200.
    10. Chen Liu & Wen-Bo Du & Wen-Xu Wang, 2014. "Particle Swarm Optimization with Scale-Free Interactions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(5), pages 1-8, May.
    11. Du, Wen-Bo & Wu, Zhi-Xi & Cai, Kai-Quan, 2013. "Effective usage of shortest paths promotes transportation efficiency on scale-free networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(17), pages 3505-3512.
    12. Sergey V. Buldyrev & Roni Parshani & Gerald Paul & H. Eugene Stanley & Shlomo Havlin, 2010. "Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks," Nature, Nature, vol. 464(7291), pages 1025-1028, April.
    13. Barabási, A.L & Jeong, H & Néda, Z & Ravasz, E & Schubert, A & Vicsek, T, 2002. "Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 311(3), pages 590-614.
    14. Bagler, Ganesh, 2008. "Analysis of the airport network of India as a complex weighted network," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(12), pages 2972-2980.
    15. Guida, Michele & Maria, Funaro, 2007. "Topology of the Italian airport network: A scale-free small-world network with a fractal structure?," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 527-536.
    16. Šubelj, Lovro & Bajec, Marko, 2011. "Community structure of complex software systems: Analysis and applications," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(16), pages 2968-2975.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Raed Shatnawi, 2019. "Exploring trends in the evolution of open-source systems," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 10(6), pages 1516-1526, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Haoqin & Chen, Zhen & Xiao, Guanping & Zheng, Zheng, 2016. "Network of networks in Linux operating system," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 447(C), pages 520-526.
    2. Zhang, Xue-Jun & Xu, Guo-Qiang & Zhu, Yan-Bo & Xia, Yong-Xiang, 2016. "Cascade-robustness optimization of coupling preference in interconnected networks," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 123-129.
    3. Lordan, Oriol & Sallan, Jose M. & Escorihuela, Nuria & Gonzalez-Prieto, David, 2016. "Robustness of airline route networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 445(C), pages 18-26.
    4. Wang, Xin-Wei & Chen, Zhen & Han, Chao, 2016. "Scheduling for single agile satellite, redundant targets problem using complex networks theory," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 125-132.
    5. Lordan, Oriol & Sallan, Jose M., 2019. "Core and critical cities of global region airport networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 513(C), pages 724-733.
    6. Li, Siping & Zhou, Yaoming & Kundu, Tanmoy & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing, 2021. "Spatiotemporal variation of the worldwide air transportation network induced by COVID-19 pandemic in 2020," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 168-184.
    7. Jiang, Zhong-Yuan & Zeng, Yong & Liu, Zhi-Hong & Ma, Jian-Feng, 2019. "Identifying critical nodes’ group in complex networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 514(C), pages 121-132.
    8. Xia, Yongxiang & Zhang, Wenping & Zhang, Xuejun, 2016. "The effect of capacity redundancy disparity on the robustness of interconnected networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 447(C), pages 561-568.
    9. Belkoura, Seddik & Cook, Andrew & Peña, José Maria & Zanin, Massimiliano, 2016. "On the multi-dimensionality and sampling of air transport networks," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 95-109.
    10. Bingxue Qian & Ning Zhang, 2022. "Topology and Robustness of Weighted Air Transport Networks in Multi-Airport Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-15, June.
    11. Jia, Tao & Qin, Kun & Shan, Jie, 2014. "An exploratory analysis on the evolution of the US airport network," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 413(C), pages 266-279.
    12. Lucas Cuadra & Sancho Salcedo-Sanz & Javier Del Ser & Silvia Jiménez-Fernández & Zong Woo Geem, 2015. "A Critical Review of Robustness in Power Grids Using Complex Networks Concepts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-55, August.
    13. Zhang, Xuejun & Pang, Wenbo & Xia, Yongxiang, 2018. "An intermediary probability model for link prediction," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 512(C), pages 902-912.
    14. Pagani, Giuliano Andrea & Aiello, Marco, 2014. "Power grid complex network evolutions for the smart grid," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 396(C), pages 248-266.
    15. Dai, Liang & Derudder, Ben & Liu, Xingjian, 2018. "The evolving structure of the Southeast Asian air transport network through the lens of complex networks, 1979–2012," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 67-77.
    16. Zhou, Yaoming & Wang, Junwei, 2018. "Efficiency of complex networks under failures and attacks: A percolation approach," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 512(C), pages 658-664.
    17. Chen, Jie & Wu, Chao-Yun & Li, Ming & Hu, Mao-Bin, 2019. "Hybrid traffic dynamics on coupled networks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 516(C), pages 98-104.
    18. Claudio M. Rocco & Kash Barker & Jose Moronta, 2022. "Determining the best algorithm to detect community structures in networks: application to power systems," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 42(2), pages 251-264, June.
    19. Wouter Vermeer & Otto Koppius & Peter Vervest, 2018. "The Radiation-Transmission-Reception (RTR) model of propagation: Implications for the effectiveness of network interventions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(12), pages 1-21, December.
    20. Gangwal, Utkarsh & Singh, Mayank & Pandey, Pradumn Kumar & Kamboj, Deepak & Chatterjee, Samrat & Bhatia, Udit, 2022. "Identifying early-warning indicators of onset of sudden collapse in networked infrastructure systems against sequential disruptions," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 591(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:phsmap:v:466:y:2017:i:c:p:249-258. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/physica-a-statistical-mechpplications/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.