Changes in international copper ore trading relationships due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: Based on social network analysis

Copper is an essential metal in our daily lives, but the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to unexpected changes in international trade in copper ore. This study uses social network analysis to examine the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the international copper ore trading network, focusing on dynamics among countries participating in copper ore trading. Data from Trade Map was divided into two periods based on the outbreak of the pandemic. The findings reveal notable changes in the global copper ore market dynamics, highlighting the pandemic's influence on trade relationships. While some changes in the rankings of leading countries in overall trade, import, and export relations are observed, China maintained its dominant and strategic position in the international copper ore trade network throughout the entire study period, despite the challenges posed by the pandemic. Additionally, while South American countries such as Chile and Peru appear prominently in the copper ore export network, Asian countries emerged as major importers. This study offers a comprehensive view of the global copper ore trade, highlighting the unexpected challenges brought by the pandemic. The findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders, aiding in informed investment and policy decisions within the resource sector.