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On sample eigenvalues in a generalized spiked population model

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  • Bai, Zhidong
  • Yao, Jianfeng

Abstract

In the spiked population model introduced by Johnstone (2001) [11], the population covariance matrix has all its eigenvalues equal to unit except for a few fixed eigenvalues (spikes). The question is to quantify the effect of the perturbation caused by the spike eigenvalues. Baik and Silverstein (2006) [5] establishes the almost sure limits of the extreme sample eigenvalues associated to the spike eigenvalues when the population and the sample sizes become large. In a recent work Bai and Yao (2008) [4], we have provided the limiting distributions for these extreme sample eigenvalues. In this paper, we extend this theory to a generalized spiked population model where the base population covariance matrix is arbitrary, instead of the identity matrix as in Johnstone’s case. As the limiting spectral distribution is arbitrary here, new mathematical tools, different from those in Baik and Silverstein (2006) [5], are introduced for establishing the almost sure convergence of the sample eigenvalues generated by the spikes.

Suggested Citation

  • Bai, Zhidong & Yao, Jianfeng, 2012. "On sample eigenvalues in a generalized spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 167-177.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:106:y:2012:i:c:p:167-177
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2011.10.009
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Silverstein, J. W., 1995. "Strong Convergence of the Empirical Distribution of Eigenvalues of Large Dimensional Random Matrices," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 331-339, November.
    2. Silverstein, J. W. & Choi, S. I., 1995. "Analysis of the Limiting Spectral Distribution of Large Dimensional Random Matrices," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 295-309, August.
    3. Baik, Jinho & Silverstein, Jack W., 2006. "Eigenvalues of large sample covariance matrices of spiked population models," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 97(6), pages 1382-1408, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Liu, Yan & Bai, Zhidong & Li, Hua & Hu, Jiang & Lv, Zhihui & Zheng, Shurong, 2022. "RDS free CLT for spiked eigenvalues of high-dimensional covariance matrices," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    2. Fleermann, Michael & Heiny, Johannes, 2023. "Large sample covariance matrices of Gaussian observations with uniform correlation decay," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 456-480.
    3. Maurizio Daniele & Winfried Pohlmeier & Aygul Zagidullina, 2018. "Sparse Approximate Factor Estimation for High-Dimensional Covariance Matrices," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz 2018-07, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz.
    4. Chen, Jiaqi & Zhang, Yangchun & Li, Weiming & Tian, Boping, 2018. "A supplement on CLT for LSS under a large dimensional generalized spiked covariance model," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 57-65.
    5. Dey, Rounak & Lee, Seunggeun, 2019. "Asymptotic properties of principal component analysis and shrinkage-bias adjustment under the generalized spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 145-164.
    6. Barigozzi, Matteo & Trapani, Lorenzo, 2020. "Sequential testing for structural stability in approximate factor models," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(8), pages 5149-5187.
    7. Adar, Mustapha & Najih, Youssef & Gouskir, Mohamed & Chebak, Ahmed & Mabrouki, Mustapha & Bennouna, Amin, 2020. "Three PV plants performance analysis using the principal component analysis method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    8. Shen, Keren & Yao, Jianfeng & Li, Wai Keung, 2019. "On a spiked model for large volatility matrix estimation from noisy high-frequency data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 207-221.
    9. Hung Hung & Su-Yun Huang & Ching-Kang Ing, 2022. "A generalized information criterion for high-dimensional PCA rank selection," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 63(4), pages 1295-1321, August.
    10. Ding, Xiucai & Ji, Hong Chang, 2023. "Spiked multiplicative random matrices and principal components," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 25-60.
    11. Wang, Qinwen & Silverstein, Jack W. & Yao, Jian-feng, 2014. "A note on the CLT of the LSS for sample covariance matrix from a spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 194-207.
    12. Xinyi Zhong & Chang Su & Zhou Fan, 2022. "Empirical Bayes PCA in high dimensions," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 84(3), pages 853-878, July.
    13. Hong, David & Balzano, Laura & Fessler, Jeffrey A., 2018. "Asymptotic performance of PCA for high-dimensional heteroscedastic data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 435-452.
    14. Li, Weiming & Zhu, Junpeng, 2023. "CLT for spiked eigenvalues of a sample covariance matrix from high-dimensional Gaussian mean mixtures," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).

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