IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jmvana/v173y2019icp145-164.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Asymptotic properties of principal component analysis and shrinkage-bias adjustment under the generalized spiked population model

Author

Listed:
  • Dey, Rounak
  • Lee, Seunggeun

Abstract

With the development of high-throughput technologies, principal component analysis (PCA) in the high-dimensional regime is of great interest. Most of the existing theoretical and methodological results for high-dimensional PCA are based on the spiked population model in which all the population eigenvalues are equal except for a few large ones. Due to the presence of local correlation among features, however, this assumption may not be satisfied in many real-world datasets. To address this issue, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of PCA under the generalized spiked population model. Based on our theoretical results, we propose a series of methods for the consistent estimation of population eigenvalues, angles between the sample and population eigenvectors, correlation coefficients between the sample and population principal component (PC) scores, and the shrinkage bias adjustment for the predicted PC scores. Using numerical experiments and real data examples from the genetics literature, we show that our methods can greatly reduce bias and improve prediction accuracy.

Suggested Citation

  • Dey, Rounak & Lee, Seunggeun, 2019. "Asymptotic properties of principal component analysis and shrinkage-bias adjustment under the generalized spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 145-164.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:173:y:2019:i:c:p:145-164
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2019.02.007
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047259X18300393
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jmva.2019.02.007?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Johnstone, Iain M. & Lu, Arthur Yu, 2009. "On Consistency and Sparsity for Principal Components Analysis in High Dimensions," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 104(486), pages 682-693.
    2. Bai, Zhidong & Yao, Jianfeng, 2012. "On sample eigenvalues in a generalized spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 167-177.
    3. Seunggeun Lee & Fei Zou & Fred A. Wright, 2014. "Convergence of sample eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and principal component scores for ultra-high dimensional data," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 101(2), pages 484-490.
    4. Xue Ding, 2015. "Convergence of Sample Eigenvectors of Spiked Population Model," Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(18), pages 3825-3840, September.
    5. Silverstein, J. W. & Choi, S. I., 1995. "Analysis of the Limiting Spectral Distribution of Large Dimensional Random Matrices," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 295-309, August.
    6. Baik, Jinho & Silverstein, Jack W., 2006. "Eigenvalues of large sample covariance matrices of spiked population models," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 97(6), pages 1382-1408, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Yan & Bai, Zhidong & Li, Hua & Hu, Jiang & Lv, Zhihui & Zheng, Shurong, 2022. "RDS free CLT for spiked eigenvalues of high-dimensional covariance matrices," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    2. Wang, Qinwen & Silverstein, Jack W. & Yao, Jian-feng, 2014. "A note on the CLT of the LSS for sample covariance matrix from a spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 194-207.
    3. Xinyi Zhong & Chang Su & Zhou Fan, 2022. "Empirical Bayes PCA in high dimensions," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 84(3), pages 853-878, July.
    4. Yata, Kazuyoshi & Aoshima, Makoto, 2013. "PCA consistency for the power spiked model in high-dimensional settings," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 334-354.
    5. Barigozzi, Matteo & Trapani, Lorenzo, 2020. "Sequential testing for structural stability in approximate factor models," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(8), pages 5149-5187.
    6. Couillet, Romain, 2015. "Robust spiked random matrices and a robust G-MUSIC estimator," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 139-161.
    7. Ding, Xiucai & Ji, Hong Chang, 2023. "Spiked multiplicative random matrices and principal components," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 25-60.
    8. Li, Weiming & Zhu, Junpeng, 2023. "CLT for spiked eigenvalues of a sample covariance matrix from high-dimensional Gaussian mean mixtures," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    9. Bai, Zhidong & Yao, Jianfeng, 2012. "On sample eigenvalues in a generalized spiked population model," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 167-177.
    10. Liusha Yang & Matthew R. Mckay & Romain Couillet, 2018. "High-Dimensional MVDR Beamforming: Optimized Solutions Based on Spiked Random Matrix Models," Post-Print hal-01957672, HAL.
    11. Mo, M.Y., 2010. "Universality in complex Wishart ensembles for general covariance matrices with 2 distinct eigenvalues," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 101(5), pages 1203-1225, May.
    12. Paul, Debashis & Silverstein, Jack W., 2009. "No eigenvalues outside the support of the limiting empirical spectral distribution of a separable covariance matrix," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 100(1), pages 37-57, January.
    13. Anna Bykhovskaya & Vadim Gorin, 2023. "High-Dimensional Canonical Correlation Analysis," Papers 2306.16393, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
    14. Hong, David & Balzano, Laura & Fessler, Jeffrey A., 2018. "Asymptotic performance of PCA for high-dimensional heteroscedastic data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 435-452.
    15. Shen, Keren & Yao, Jianfeng & Li, Wai Keung, 2019. "On a spiked model for large volatility matrix estimation from noisy high-frequency data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 207-221.
    16. Peña, Daniel & Smucler, Ezequiel & Yohai, Victor J., 2021. "Sparse estimation of dynamic principal components for forecasting high-dimensional time series," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1498-1508.
    17. Rosember Guerra-Urzola & Katrijn Van Deun & Juan C. Vera & Klaas Sijtsma, 2021. "A Guide for Sparse PCA: Model Comparison and Applications," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 86(4), pages 893-919, December.
    18. M. Capitaine, 2013. "Additive/Multiplicative Free Subordination Property and Limiting Eigenvectors of Spiked Additive Deformations of Wigner Matrices and Spiked Sample Covariance Matrices," Journal of Theoretical Probability, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 595-648, September.
    19. Jianqing Fan & Yuan Liao & Martina Mincheva, 2013. "Large covariance estimation by thresholding principal orthogonal complements," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 75(4), pages 603-680, September.
    20. Zeng, Yicheng & Zhu, Lixing, 2023. "Order determination for spiked-type models with a divergent number of spikes," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:173:y:2019:i:c:p:145-164. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622892/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.