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Trajectories of control: Exposure to punitive social control over time and its associated consequences

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  • Novak, Abigail

Abstract

Existing research suggests exposure to punitive control in childhood may impact youth outcomes; however, research is largely limited to one-time examinations of control, ignoring potential patterns of punitive social control throughout childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to identify trajectories of punitive social control in childhood and adolescence and examine how patterns of exposure affect justice-related outcomes including arrest and probation and incarceration. This study also examined risk factors for group membership, as well as differences in justice-related outcomes by youth race/ethnicity and gender. Results identified multiple patterns of control exposure. Differences by race/ethnicity and gender were also detected. According to results, prioritizing alternative policy responses that reduce exposure to punitive systems of control may help reduce experiences of punitive control and may ultimately help to reduce justice system involvement.

Suggested Citation

  • Novak, Abigail, 2026. "Trajectories of control: Exposure to punitive social control over time and its associated consequences," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jcjust:v:102:y:2026:i:c:s0047235225002041
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102555
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