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Two-stage robust optimization of a virtual power plant considering a refined demand response

Author

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  • Liu, Jinpeng
  • Peng, Jinchun
  • Liu, Hushihan
  • Deng, Jiaming
  • Song, Xiaohua

Abstract

A reasonable demand response strategy and flexible resource planning technology are the key methods for constructing new power systems. Based on this, a virtual power plant economic optimization model considering a refined demand response strategy is proposed. First, considering the regulatory characteristics of flexible loads and the satisfaction degree of residents, flexible loads are finely classified, and a demand response model is constructed. Second, considering the power uncertainty of wind turbines and photovoltaics in virtual power plants, a two-stage robust optimization model with a min–max–min structure is constructed; then, a transformation method of fuzzy sets and subproblems is proposed to improve the solution efficiency. Finally, the total operating cost of virtual power plants under the deviation of power forecasts and fluctuations in intraday electricity prices is analysed. The simulation results reveal that refined load classification can reduce the system day-ahead operating cost by 7.12 %; the proposed two-stage robust optimization model reduces the total real time operating cost by 0.81–6.39 % compared to the deterministic optimization model.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Jinpeng & Peng, Jinchun & Liu, Hushihan & Deng, Jiaming & Song, Xiaohua, 2025. "Two-stage robust optimization of a virtual power plant considering a refined demand response," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:322:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225012022
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135560
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Li, Qiang & Dong, Fuxiang & Jiang, Bo & Liu, Jinfu & Yan, Peigang & Yu, Daren, 2026. "Risk-averse co-optimization of virtual power plants in multi-markets considering scheduling costs and uncertainties of controllable loads," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 409(C).
    2. Wang, Xiaobin & Li, Qi & Zhai, Junyi & Jiang, Yuning & Wang, Sheng & Wang, Jianxiao, 2026. "Flexible operation of virtual power plant enabled integrated electricity-heating system under multiple uncertainties via distributionally robust model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 404(C).
    3. Kuo, Wen-Chi & Chen, Chiun-Hsun & Wang, Chi-Chuan, 2026. "Unlocking sub-MW microgrids for ancillary services: A stochastic bilevel VPP framework with weighted Shapley allocation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).

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