Cyber-physical system planning for VPPs supporting frequency regulation considering hierarchical control and multidimensional uncertainties

Renewable energy resources with uncertain output are being connected to the power grid, which puts great pressure on the grid frequency regulation (FR). Virtual power plants (VPPs), which aggregate numerous flexible resources, have significant potential for participation in FR services. However, the FR capability of VPPs is often unreliable due to uncertain resource potential and unreliable communications, which limits their FR applications. Therefore, a cyber-physical system (CPS) planning method considering multidimensional uncertainties for hierarchical VPPs to provide reliable FR capacity is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a fast and reliable hierarchical architecture for VPPs is presented. Then, the reliable capacity model of VPPs for service planning is established within this architecture. The minimum probability scenario method based on the Pauta criterion and the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method are used to quantify the impact of information-physical uncertainty in the model. Based on this, a CPS planning model for VPPs with the objective of minimizing investment and the constraints of normal capacity, reliable capacity and delay under various scenarios is constructed. By linearizing the model, the optimal solution for coordinating flexible resource pool composition, edge terminal allocation and communication can be solved. Numerical simulations on the improved IEEE 33-node and 123-node systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.