IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v321y2025ics0360544225010631.html

Research on optimal scheduling and source-network-load correlation matching of integrated energy system considering uncertainty

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Xingnan
  • Lu, Hao
  • Zhao, Wenjun
  • Chen, Yuhang
  • Shao, Shiru

Abstract

To fully leverage system flexibility and demand-side resources, ‘source-load interaction’ is regarded as the future trend for integrated energy systems (IES). However, uncertainties existing on both sides of the source and load cannot be ignored in the scheduling of IES. To reduce system operating costs and carbon emissions and improve the utilization of renewable energy in IES operation with uncertainty. This paper proposes an optimal scheduling method considering the uncertainty. Firstly, Clayton-Copula Latin hypercube sampling method and enhanced Wasserstein deep convolution generative adversarial network with gradient penalty (WDCGAN-GP) are employed to generate source-load scenarios, capture source-load correlations, and simulate extreme scenarios. Secondly, the influence of the coupling model of low-carbon economic equipment and thermal power units, integrated demand response (IDR) and source-load correlation on the low-carbon and economic performance of PIES are analyzed in depth. Finally, the causality analysis of economic change caused by correlation is conducted. The results show that the proposed model and strategy improve the system flexibility. Furthermore, The enhancement of source-load correlation matching degree will also improve the utilization rate of renewable energy and system low-carbon economic benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Xingnan & Lu, Hao & Zhao, Wenjun & Chen, Yuhang & Shao, Shiru, 2025. "Research on optimal scheduling and source-network-load correlation matching of integrated energy system considering uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:321:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225010631
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135421
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225010631
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135421?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Shupeng & Niu, Liping & Yue, Qiang & Zhang, Tingan, 2022. "Trajectory, driving forces, and mitigation potential of energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China's primary aluminum industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    2. Arens, Marlene & Åhman, Max & Vogl, Valentin, 2021. "Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? - Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    3. Huber, Matthias & Dimkova, Desislava & Hamacher, Thomas, 2014. "Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 236-246.
    4. Hassaballah, E.G. & Keshta, H.E. & Abdel-Latif, K.M. & Ali, A.A., 2024. "A novel strategy for real-time optimal scheduling of grid-tied microgrid considering load management and uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    5. Yan, Yi & Wang, Xuerui & Li, Ke & Li, Chengdong & Tian, Chongyi & Shao, Zhuliang & Li, Ji, 2024. "Stochastic optimisation of district integrated energy systems based on a hybrid probability forecasting model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    6. Liang, Hejun & Pirouzi, Sasan, 2024. "Energy management system based on economic Flexi-reliable operation for the smart distribution network including integrated energy system of hydrogen storage and renewable sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    7. Fan, Yukun & Liu, Weifeng & Zhu, Feilin & Wang, Sen & Yue, Hao & Zeng, Yurou & Xu, Bin & Zhong, Ping-an, 2024. "Short-term stochastic multi-objective optimization scheduling of wind-solar-hydro hybrid system considering source-load uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    8. Chen, Zhiwei & Zhao, Weicheng & Lin, Xiaoyong & Han, Yongming & Hu, Xuan & Yuan, Kui & Geng, Zhiqiang, 2024. "Load prediction of integrated energy systems for energy saving and carbon emission based on novel multi-scale fusion convolutional neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    9. Gao, Hongjun & Li, Yunman & He, Shuaijia & Tang, Zhiyuan & Liu, Junyong, 2024. "Distributionally robust planning for power distribution network considering multi-energy station enabled integrated demand response," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    10. Zhang, Ming & Cong, Nan & Song, Yan & Xia, Qing, 2024. "Cost analysis of onshore wind power in China based on learning curve," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    11. Huang, Shangjiu & Lu, Hao & Chen, Maozhi & Zhao, Wenjun, 2023. "Integrated energy system scheduling considering the correlation of uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    12. Hassan, Qusay & Khadom, Anees A. & Algburi, Sameer & Al-Jiboory, Ali Khudhair & Sameen, Aws Zuhair & Alkhafaji, Mohamed Ayad & Mahmoud, Haitham A. & Awwad, Emad Mahrous & Mahood, Hameed B. & Kazem, Hu, 2024. "Implications of a smart grid-integrated renewable distributed generation capacity expansion strategy: The case of Iraq," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    13. Lai, Aolin & Wang, Qunwei, 2024. "How coal de-capacity policy affects renewable energy development efficiency? Evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    14. Lv, Hang & Wu, Qiong & Ren, Hongbo & Li, Qifen & Zhou, Weisheng, 2024. "A two-stage decision-making approach for optimal design and operation of integrated energy systems considering multiple uncertainties and diverse resilience needs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    15. Xiao, Yulong & Zou, Chongzhe & Dong, Mingqi & Chi, Hetian & Yan, Yulin & Jiang, Shulan, 2024. "Feasibility study: Economic and technical analysis of optimal configuration and operation of a hybrid CSP/PV/wind power cogeneration system with energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    16. Wang, Zhongliang & Zhu, Hongyu & Zhang, Dongdong & Goh, Hui Hwang & Dong, Yunxuan & Wu, Thomas, 2023. "Modelling of wind and photovoltaic power output considering dynamic spatio-temporal correlation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    17. Yang, Chengying & Wu, Zhixin & Li, Xuetao & Fars, Ashk, 2024. "Risk-constrained stochastic scheduling for energy hub: Integrating renewables, demand response, and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    18. Hu, Rong & Zhou, Kaile & Yin, Hui, 2024. "Reinforcement learning model for incentive-based integrated demand response considering demand-side coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    19. Chen, Maozhi & Lu, Hao & Chang, Xiqiang & Liao, Haiyan, 2023. "An optimization on an integrated energy system of combined heat and power, carbon capture system and power to gas by considering flexible load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    20. Wang, Liying & Lin, Jialin & Dong, Houqi & Wang, Yuqing & Zeng, Ming, 2023. "Demand response comprehensive incentive mechanism-based multi-time scale optimization scheduling for park integrated energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    21. Bartusch, Cajsa & Juslin, Peter & Stikvoort, Britt & Yang-Wallentin, Fan & Öhrlund, Isak, 2024. "Opening the black box of demand response: Exploring the cognitive processes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    22. Pan, Chongchao & Jin, Tai & Li, Na & Wang, Guanxiong & Hou, Xiaowang & Gu, Yueqing, 2023. "Multi-objective and two-stage optimization study of integrated energy systems considering P2G and integrated demand responses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    23. Morovat, Navid & Athienitis, Andreas K. & Candanedo, José Agustín & Nouanegue, Hervé Frank, 2024. "Heuristic model predictive control implementation to activate energy flexibility in a fully electric school building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    24. Dong, Zeyuan & Zhang, Zhao & Huang, Minghui & Yang, Shaorong & Zhu, Jun & Zhang, Meng & Chen, Dongjiu, 2024. "Research on day-ahead optimal dispatching of virtual power plants considering the coordinated operation of diverse flexible loads and new energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    25. Li, Yang & Wang, Bin & Yang, Zhen & Li, Jiazheng & Chen, Chen, 2022. "Hierarchical stochastic scheduling of multi-community integrated energy systems in uncertain environments via Stackelberg game," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    26. Fang, Kai & Li, Chenglin & Tang, Yiqi & He, Jianjian & Song, Junnian, 2022. "China’s pathways to peak carbon emissions: New insights from various industrial sectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    27. Yan, Yixian & Huang, Chang & Guan, Junquan & Zhang, Qi & Cai, Yang & Wang, Weiliang, 2024. "Stochastic optimization of solar-based distributed energy system: An error-based scenario with a day-ahead and real-time dynamic scheduling approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 363(C).
    28. Wang, Shouxiang & Wang, Shaomin & Zhao, Qianyu & Dong, Shuai & Li, Hao, 2023. "Optimal dispatch of integrated energy station considering carbon capture and hydrogen demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    29. Hao, Junhong & Feng, Xiaolong & Chen, Xiangru & Jin, Xilin & Wang, Xingce & Hao, Tong & Hong, Feng & Du, Xiaoze, 2024. "Optimal scheduling of active distribution network considering symmetric heat and power source-load spatial-temporal characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 373(C).
    30. Wu, Qunli & Li, Chunxiang, 2023. "Modeling and operation optimization of hydrogen-based integrated energy system with refined power-to-gas and carbon-capture-storage technologies under carbon trading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    31. McGarry, Connor & Dixon, James & Flower, Jack & Bukhsh, Waqquas & Brand, Christian & Bell, Keith & Galloway, Stuart, 2024. "Electrified heat and transport: Energy demand futures, their impacts on power networks and what it means for system flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    32. Jie, Dingfei & Xu, Xiangyang & Guo, Fei, 2021. "The future of coal supply in China based on non-fossil energy development and carbon price strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    33. Wang, Chong & Ju, Ping & Wu, Feng & Pan, Xueping & Wang, Zhaoyu, 2022. "A systematic review on power system resilience from the perspective of generation, network, and load," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    34. Wang, Jianxiao & Zhong, Haiwang & Ma, Ziming & Xia, Qing & Kang, Chongqing, 2017. "Review and prospect of integrated demand response in the multi-energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 772-782.
    35. Zhang, Yun-Long & Kang, Jia-Ning & Liu, Lan-Cui & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2024. "Unveiling the evolution and future prospects: A comprehensive review of low-carbon transition in the coal power industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    36. Li, Junhui & Yu, Zhenbo & Mu, Gang & Li, Baoju & Zhou, Jiaxu & Yan, Gangui & Zhu, Xingxu & Li, Cuiping, 2024. "An assessment methodology for the flexibility capacity of new power system based on two-stage robust optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PB).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hongkai Zhang & Outing Zhang & Peng Li & Xianyu Yue & Zhongfu Tan, 2025. "Two-Stage Robust Optimization Model for Flexible Response of Micro-Energy Grid Clusters to Host Utility Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Lei, Ying & Zhao, Liyuan & Gu, Junhua & Wang, Jingshu, 2025. "Optimal scheduling of electric-gas-thermal-hydrogen integrated energy system considering uncertainties and safe guarantee: A TD3-MIP-based approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    3. Chen, Haipeng & Song, Jianzhao & Li, Zhiwei & Shui, Siyuan, 2025. "Distributionally robust electricity-carbon collaborative scheduling of integrated energy systems based on refined joint model of heating networks and buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lin, Xueru & Li, Jing & Zhong, Wei & Lin, Xiaojie & Wei, Wei & Zhang, Hong, 2026. "Multi-segment flexibility-based optimization scheduling for integrated energy systems coupled with electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 402(PB).
    2. Liu, Zhi-Feng & Luo, Xing-Fu & Hou, Xiao-Xin & Yu, Jia-Li & Li, Ji-Xiang, 2025. "Generalized energy pool-driven regional integrated energy system dispatch considering multi-time scale synergy carbon-storage game," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    3. Cao, Wenqiang & Yu, Junqi & Ru, Chengyi & Wang, Meng & Wang, Ke, 2025. "A two-stage distributionally robust optimization operation scheduling model for solar PT-PV systems based on integrated load consumption prediction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    4. Wu, Xiao & Yang, Lihua & Zheng, Bingle, 2024. "Joint capacity configuration and demand response optimization of integrated energy system considering economic and dynamic control performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    5. Wang, Haibing & Zhao, Anjie & Khan, Muhammad Qasim & Sun, Weiqing, 2024. "Optimal operation of energy hub considering reward-punishment ladder carbon trading and electrothermal demand coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    6. Yao, Wenliang & Wang, Chengfu & Yang, Ming & Wang, Kang & Dong, Xiaoming & Zhang, Zhenwei, 2023. "A tri-layer decision-making framework for IES considering the interaction of integrated demand response and multi-energy market clearing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    7. Xue, Qingwen & Wang, Ao & Jiang, Sihang & Wang, Zhichao & Yang, Yingxia & Cheng, Yuanda & Zheng, Zhonghai, 2025. "Stochastic optimization of energy systems configuration for nearly-zero energy buildings considering load uncertainties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    8. Hao Yu & Yibo Wang & Chuang Liu & Shunjiang Wang & Chunyang Hao & Jian Xiong, 2024. "Optimization and Scheduling Method for Power Systems Considering Wind Power Forward/Reverse Peaking Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-18, March.
    9. Xu, Xun & Shao, Zhenguo & Chen, Feixiong & Cheng, Guoyang, 2025. "Stochastic robust optimization scheduling for integrated energy system cluster based on data-driven method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 400(C).
    10. Zabala Urrutia, Laura & Schumann, Mathieu & Febres, Jesus, 2025. "Optimization of electric demand response based on users’ preferences," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    11. Hu, Rong & Zhou, Kaile & Yin, Hui, 2024. "Reinforcement learning model for incentive-based integrated demand response considering demand-side coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    12. Zhu, Xiaoxun & Hu, Ming & Xue, Jinfei & Li, Yuxuan & Han, Zhonghe & Gao, Xiaoxia & Wang, Yu & Bao, Linlin, 2024. "Research on multi-time scale integrated energy scheduling optimization considering carbon constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    13. Lei, Ying & Zhao, Liyuan & Gu, Junhua & Wang, Jingshu, 2025. "Optimal scheduling of electric-gas-thermal-hydrogen integrated energy system considering uncertainties and safe guarantee: A TD3-MIP-based approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    14. Zhen, Cheng & Tian, Zhe & Niu, Jide & Lu, Yakai & Liang, Chuanzhi, 2026. "Optimal operation strategy for building users considering asynchronous information release in multi-type demand response markets to mitigate building-grid interaction risks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 405(C).
    15. Lin, Xueru & Li, Jing & Zhong, Wei & Lin, Xiaojie & Zhang, Hong & Wei, Wei, 2025. "Cross-scale coordinated optimization method for electricity-thermal-hydrogen systems in chemical industrial parks based on long-term and short-term flexibility margin evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    16. Wu, Biao & Zhang, Shaohua & Yuan, Chenxin & Wang, Xian & Wang, Fei & Zhang, Shengqi, 2024. "Cooperative energy and reserve trading strategies for multiple integrated energy systems based on asymmetric nash bargaining theory," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    17. Zhao, Xudong & Wang, Yibo & Liu, Chuang & Cai, Guowei & Ge, Weichun & Wang, Bowen & Wang, Dongzhe & Shang, Jingru & Zhao, Yiru, 2024. "Two-stage day-ahead and intra-day scheduling considering electric arc furnace control and wind power modal decomposition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    18. Wu, Yanjuan & Wang, Caiwei & Wang, Yunliang, 2024. "Cooperative game optimization scheduling of multi-region integrated energy system based on ADMM algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    19. Jiang, Meihui & Xu, Zhenjiang & Zhu, Hongyu & Hwang Goh, Hui & Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni & Liu, Tianhao & Zhang, Dongdong, 2024. "Integrated demand response modeling and optimization technologies supporting energy internet," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    20. Wu, Min & Xu, Jiazhu & Shi, Zhenglu, 2023. "Low carbon economic dispatch of integrated energy system considering extended electric heating demand response," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:321:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225010631. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.