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Improved energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric buses based on Pontryagin's minimum principle plus snack optimization

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  • Sun, Xiaodong
  • Xu, Zhaojian
  • Cai, Yingfeng
  • Chen, Long
  • Tian, Xiang
  • Jin, Zhijia
  • Xue, Mingzhou

Abstract

Plug-in hybrid electric buses (PHEBs) serve as important environmentally-friendly public transportation vehicles. An adaptive instantaneous optimization energy management strategy based on the SO-PMP approach is proposed on the P2 configuration. This strategy takes into account the power interruption during mode switching in hybrid powertrain systems, and a three-stage clutch mechanical model is constructed. The paper initially introduces the application of Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (PMP) in PHEBs. In addition, a fuzzy logic controller is proposed to design the motor torque compensation coefficient by taking the variance between expected torque and real torque and pedal opening as input. Finally, snake optimization (SO) is used to solve the costate in PMP to achieve the best fuel consumption (FC). The strategy utilizes the fast response characteristic of the motor to compensate for the delay characteristic of the engine, and its effectiveness is verified through both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform. Compared to globally optimal algorithms, the finding demonstrates that the fuel economy of the employed method yields a mere increase of 3.4 %, but it greatly increases the possibility of application in real vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Sun, Xiaodong & Xu, Zhaojian & Cai, Yingfeng & Chen, Long & Tian, Xiang & Jin, Zhijia & Xue, Mingzhou, 2025. "Improved energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric buses based on Pontryagin's minimum principle plus snack optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225010448
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135402
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hannan, M.A. & Azidin, F.A. & Mohamed, A., 2014. "Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 135-150.
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    5. Dhahad, Hayder Abed & Hasan, Ahmed Mudheher & Chaichan, Miqdam Tariq & Kazem, Hussein A., 2022. "Prognostic of diesel engine emissions and performance based on an intelligent technique for nanoparticle additives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
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