Investigation of a novel scheme utilizing solar and geothermal energies, generating power and ammonia: Exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses and cuckoo search optimization

The integration of solar and geothermal energy sources presents a promising avenue for enhancing the efficiency and output of energy systems. This research introduces a novel hybrid system combining solar and geothermal energy for the co-generation of power, cooling, and ammonia. The proposed system integrates several cycles and technologies, including an organic Rankine cycle, an ejector refrigeration cycle, an organic flash cycle, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, and an ammonia synthesis reactor. Through a comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) analysis, utilizing thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental methodologies, this study evaluates the system's performance. The findings reveal that solar collectors are the primary contributors to system irreversibility, accounting for 78 % of the total. Notably, an increase in the condenser outlet temperature significantly decreases the cooling load, whereas elevating the turbine 1 exit pressure enhances overall power production. At optimal operating conditions, the system generates a net power of 104 kW, provides 26.07 kW of cooling capacity, and produces 3.55 kg/h of ammonia. This performance translates into a product cost of 1.193 USD/h and an exergoenvironmental impact rate of 25.31 mPts/h, alongside achieving an exergy efficiency of 9.34 %. Financially, the system promises a payback period of 2.34 years and a net present value of 1.259 million USD, highlighting its economic viability and environmental benefits.