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Co-liquefaction of whole Jatropha curcas seed and glycerol using deep eutectic solvents as catalysts

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  • Alhassan, Y.
  • Pali, H.S.
  • Kumar, N.
  • Bugaje, I.M.

Abstract

Bioenergy is the only renewable carbon energy source and can contribute to future sustainable energy. This paper presents: I) the whole Jatropha curcas seed liquefaction to produce bio-crude oil, using (Na2CO3) as conventional catalyst; and II) co-liquefaction of glycerol and whole Jatropha curcas seed to produce bio-crude oil, using deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride-p-toluene sulphonic acid) as novel catalyst. The effects of process parameters, including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and biomass loading were observed. Temperature was the predominant factor. High yield of bio-crude oil (32.87 wt%) was obtained for the liquefaction (I) as compared to yield of bio-crude oil (8.99 wt%) for the co-liquefaction (II). The optimum glycerol addition was 30 wt%. The bio-crude oil I had moisture (6.47 ± 0.27 wt%) and bio-crude oil II was (6.04 ± 0.42 wt%). The oxygen content in bio-crude oil I was (28.15 ± 0.88 wt%) while bio-crude oil II had reduced (21.58 ± 0.70 wt%) oxygen content. The HHV of the bio-crude oil II (31.73 ± 0.69 MJ/kg) is higher than that of bio-crude oil I (28.80 ± 1.32 MJ/kg). Acidic deep eutectic solvents deterred co-liquefaction yield. In conclusion, co-liquefaction decreased the product yield but improved its quality.

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  • Alhassan, Y. & Pali, H.S. & Kumar, N. & Bugaje, I.M., 2017. "Co-liquefaction of whole Jatropha curcas seed and glycerol using deep eutectic solvents as catalysts," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 48-59.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:138:y:2017:i:c:p:48-59
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.038
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